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Antisense drugs are now being studied in Phase 3 trials for patients with cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Other antisense drugs are in development for rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory conditions, and hepatitis C. Still other antisense drugs are entering clinical trials for treatment of metabolic conditions such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia. These latter applications provide the potential for target effects to be more directly measured in the clinic. Improved antisense chemistry, which will enhance the feasibility of subcutaneous and oral administration of antisense drugs and offer the potential of less frequent dosing, is expected to further expand the opportunities for antisense drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1281.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,30]],"date-time":"2004-01-30T01:18:50Z","timestamp":1075425530000},"page":"244-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Applying Antisense Technology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1002","author":[{"given":"JON T.","family":"HOLMLUND","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","first-page":"1168","article-title":"The pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma: lessons learned from studies of skin carcinogenesis","volume":"54","author":"Yupsa S.H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","first-page":"6413","article-title":"Alterations in murine keratinocyte differentiation induced by activated rasHa genes are mediated by protein kinase C\u2010\u03b1","volume":"54","author":"Dlugosz A.J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117872"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.8238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","first-page":"759","article-title":"Differential role for protein kinase C\u2010mediated signaling in the prolifereation of medulloblastoma cell lines","volume":"12","author":"Adesina A.M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Oncol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","first-page":"3215","article-title":"Elevated protein kinase C Expression in human breast tumor biopsies relative to normal breast tissue","volume":"49","author":"O'Brien C.A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11762"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","unstructured":"Affinitak\u2122 Investigator Brochure."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","first-page":"3357","article-title":"Phase I study of an antisense oligonucleotide to protein kinase C\u2010\u03b1 (ISIS 3521\/ISI 641A) in patients with cancer","volume":"5","author":"Yuen A.R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. 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