{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:46:13Z","timestamp":1791405973748,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]],"date-time":"2006-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":785,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      A\n                      <jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    This article focuses on the importance of social engagement and the behavioral and neurophysiological mechanisms that allow individuals to reduce psychological and physical distance. A model of social engagement derived from the Polyvagal Theory is presented. The model emphasizes phylogeny as an organizing principle and includes the following points: (1) there are well\u2010defined neural circuits to support social engagement behaviors and the defensive strategies of fight, flight, and freeze; (2) these neural circuits form a phylogenetically organized hierarchy; (3) without being dependent on conscious awareness, the nervous system evaluates risk in the environment and regulates the expression of adaptive behavior to match the neuroception of a safe, dangerous, or life\u2010threatening environment; (4) social engagement behaviors and the benefits of the physiological states associated with social support require a neuroception of safety; (5) social behaviors associated with nursing, reproduction, and the formation of strong pair bonds require immobilization without fear; and (6) immobilization without fear is mediated by a co\u2010opting of the neural circuit regulating defensive freezing behaviors through the involvement of oxytocin, a neuropeptide in mammals involved in the formation of social bonds. The model provides a phylogenetic interpretation of the neural mechanisms mediating the behavioral and physiological features associated with stress and several psychiatric disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1301.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,2]],"date-time":"2004-03-02T17:33:27Z","timestamp":1078248807000},"page":"31-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":377,"title":["Social Engagement and Attachment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1008","author":[{"given":"STEPHEN W.","family":"PORGES","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","unstructured":"Bowlby J. 1982. Attachment and Loss. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Basic Books. New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ainsworth M. M. Blehar E. Waters et al.1978. 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