{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:39:13Z","timestamp":1792222753381,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]],"date-time":"2006-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":785,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      A\n                      <jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Response disinhibition is one of several processes that may account for disruptive behavior problems. It is associated with both attention deficits\/hyperactivity (ADHD\u2010C) and early onset, unsocialized conduct disorder (CD\u2010E). Response inhibition is not a unitary construct. It is best understood via a dual process model of regulatory control. Executive inhibition refers to deliberate suppression of immediate motor behavior in the service of a distal goal in working memory, with relatively low anxiety activation. It is instantiated in the same frontal\u2010striatal\u2010thalamic neural loops as executive function and corresponds in temperament theory to effortful control. Motivational or reactive inhibition refers to anxiety\u2010provoked interruption of behavior in the context of unexpected, novel, or punishment\u2010cue indicators. Along with reward\u2010response and hostile\/angry response it corresponds to reactivity in temperament theory, and invokes limbic responsivity. With regard to these types of inhibitory control, ADHD\u2010combined type is predominantly associated with dysfunctional executive inhibition. CD\u2010E is predominantly associated with dysfunctions in the motivational inhibition process, with smaller, secondary effects in executive control. However, in both syndromes etiological heterogeneity is notable. For example, recent evidence indicates that executive inhibitory control is familial, but characterizes only a subset of children with ADHD\u2010C. Recent dual\u2010process models for both ADHD\u2010C and CD\u2010E are therefore important; they are noted and integrated. Examination of the correlates of behavioral inhibition in the subgroups with these inhibitory deficits may prove fruitful in clarifying the diverse routes to disruptive psychopathology in children.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1301.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,2]],"date-time":"2004-03-02T17:33:27Z","timestamp":1078248807000},"page":"170-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Response Inhibition and Disruptive Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1008","author":[{"given":"JOEL T.","family":"NIGG","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association. 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