{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:14:32Z","timestamp":1784128472621,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]],"date-time":"2006-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":785,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> Premature birth can have devastating effects on brain development and long\u2010term functional outcome. Rates of psychiatric illness and learning difficulties are high, and intelligence on average is lower than population means. Brain imaging studies of infants born prematurely have demonstrated reduced volumes of parietal and sensorimotor cortical gray matter regions. Studies of school\u2010aged children have demonstrated reduced volumes of these same regions, as well as in temporal and premotor regions, in both gray and white matter. The degrees of these anatomical abnormalities have been shown to correlate with cognitive outcome and with the degree of fetal immaturity at birth. Functional imaging studies have shown that these anatomical abnormalities are associated with severe disturbances in the organization and use of neural systems subserving language, particularly for school\u2010aged children who have low verbal IQs. Animal models suggest that hypoxia\u2010ischemia may be responsible at least in part for some of the anatomical and functional abnormalities. Increasing evidence suggests that a host of mediators for hypoxic\u2010ischemic insults likely contribute to the disturbances in brain development in preterm infants, including increased apoptosis, free\u2010radical formation, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and alterations in the expression of a large number of genes that regulate brain maturation, particularly those involved in the development of postsynaptic neurons and the stabilization of synapses. The collaboration of both basic neuroscientists and clinical researchers is needed to understand how normal brain development is derailed by preterm birth and to develop effective prevention and early interventions for these often devastating conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1301.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,2]],"date-time":"2004-03-02T22:33:27Z","timestamp":1078266807000},"page":"219-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Brain Imaging Studies of the Anatomical and Functional Consequences of Preterm Birth for Human Brain Development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1008","author":[{"given":"BRADLEY S.","family":"PETERSON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90557-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811123392004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.4.893"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.5.931","article-title":"Outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"98","author":"Hack M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11965.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.4.633"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830210091012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb01898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01516.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb12324.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.5.700","article-title":"Classroom behavior of very low birth weight elementary school children","volume":"94","author":"Klebanov P.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.1.18","article-title":"The behavioral and emotional well\u2010being of school\u2010age children with different birth weights","volume":"97","author":"McCormick M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.6.1094"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329179900210X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6828871"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3291116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.48.10.757"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1974.tb04190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-07-02801.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","unstructured":"Changeux J.\u2010P. 1993. A critical view of neuronal models of learning and memory.InMemory Concepts. P. Anderson Ed.: 413\u2013433. Elsevier. Amsterdam."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(84)90083-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62681-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5290.1133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1997.tb01203.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.21.1.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80488-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80679-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410611"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.2.329"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07130-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.4.431"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071554"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome in the preterm infant: MR\u2010staged myelination compared with cranial US","volume":"175","author":"Guit G.L.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatric Radiology."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199605000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.81.2.F116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","first-page":"1837","article-title":"Profound asphyxia in the premature infant: Imaging findings","volume":"16","author":"Barkovich A.J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199911)46:5<755::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.2.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199810000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.5.939"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3945811"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Imaging human brain development with positron emission tomography","volume":"32","author":"Chugani H.T.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10155.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11720-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199801000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(91)90015-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(85)80135-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162201002870"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.51.9.651"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000243368"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(96)01769-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.2.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198307283090402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198505233122104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","first-page":"H2220","article-title":"Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow: influence of local brain development and postnatal age","volume":"267","author":"Tuor U.I.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)72459-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(90)90032-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80373-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12717.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80779-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07372.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90539-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198905000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199611000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.728"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3798(97)80052-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310051034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01957506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.78.1.F33"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2000.0035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11403.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.7_Spec_No.851"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80503-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199304000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02513.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.14002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05830.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0901.095656"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-5748(98)00025-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310100806"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80273-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(92)90085-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11687.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30325-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-13448"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870200108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.3.329","article-title":"Suctioning in the preterm infant: effects on cerebral blood flow velocity, intracranial pressure, and arterial blood pressure","volume":"72","author":"Perlman J.M.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200111000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199503000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.5.589"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"Hypoxic lesions in areas of primary myelination","volume":"7","author":"Azzarelli B.","year":"1980","journal-title":"A distinct pattern in cerebral palsy. Child's Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199801000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"The search for human telencephalic ventriculofugal arteries","volume":"12","author":"Nelson M.D.J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"AJNR."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.4.1050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000047096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1978.00500250015003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1992.tb00694.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00271-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00125-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(98)00139-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000047125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02180-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199903000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(99)00076-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199802000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1997.tb01181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.16.7162"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-09235.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19961115)46:4<427::AID-JNR4>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0398-291"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200204000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200106000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232568799"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00060-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-16-06241.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200201000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_133_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Developmental features of the neonatal brain: MR imaging","volume":"162","author":"McArdle C.B.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Part I. Gray-white matter differentiation and myelination. Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_134_2","first-page":"889","article-title":"MRI evaluation of early myelination patterns in normal and developmentally delayed infants","volume":"150","author":"Dietrich R.B.","year":"1988","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_135_2","unstructured":"Dietrich R.B. 1999. Maturation myelination and dysmyelination.InMagnetic Resonance Imaging Vol. III. E. Corra Ed.: 1425\u20131447. Mosby. St. Louis."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00340123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0193(200104)12:4<232::AID-HBM1018>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410416"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7492"}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1301.023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1196\/annals.1301.023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T05:39:22Z","timestamp":1695620362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1196\/annals.1301.023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1196\/annals.1301.023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1301.023","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}}}