{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T15:45:11Z","timestamp":1765381511958},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]],"date-time":"2006-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":468,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral transboundary animal disease that is highly contagious among domestic and wild pigs, such as boars and peccaries. Today, far from being what was <jats:italic>classically<\/jats:italic> described historically, the disease is characterized as having a varied clinical picture, and its diagnosis depends on resorting to proper sample collection and prompt dispatch to a laboratory that can employ several techniques to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Laboratory findings should be complemented with a field analysis of the occurrence of disease to have a better understanding of its epidemiology. The disease is still present in various regions and countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, thus hindering production, trade, and the livestock economy in the region. Consequently, it is among the diseases included in List A of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). Currently, there are epidemiologic and ecologic aspects that characterize its geographical distribution in the region such as: continued trends in the demand for pork and pork products; an increase in swine investment with low production costs which are able to compete advantageously in international markets; the convention of associating CSF in the syndrome of \u201cswine hemorrhagic diseases\u201d owing to the historical description of its acute presentation and not to the new and more frequent subacute presentations or the diseases with which it may be confused (notably, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and porcine dermopathic nephropathy syndrome, among others); dissemination of the virus through asymptomatic hosts such as piglets infected <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>; frequent lack of quality control and registration of vaccines and vaccinations; feeding of swine with contaminated food waste (swill); the common practice of smuggling animals and by\u2010products across borders; the backyard family production system or extensive open field methods of swine rearing with minimal input in care and feeding; poor understanding of the epidemiologic role that boars and peccaries could have in the transmission and maintenance of the disease in the Americas; and new procedures in animal welfare that some countries are adopting for the production, transport, and slaughter of domestic animals. Consequently, many countries (i.e., Canada, USA, Chile, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama, and Mexico, where 13 of 32 States are disease free) have given priority to the control and progressive eradication of CSF. In other parts of the Americas, the disease appears under control, as is the case of the five countries of the Andean Region and the 12 northern States of Brazil. In South America, Chile, Uruguay and 13 States in Brazil are disease free. Argentina has mounted a national campaign and is in the process of eradicating the disease. No recent information on its presence or distribution in Paraguay is available. With no master strategy to harmoniously progress in the control and eradication of the disease, 17 countries of the region, jointly led by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, developed the Continental Plan for the Eradication of CSF whose objective is expected to be reached by 2020.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1307.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,16]],"date-time":"2004-12-16T23:57:42Z","timestamp":1103241462000},"page":"54-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Situation of Classical Swine Fever and the Epidemiologic and Ecologic Aspects Affecting Its Distribution in the American Continent"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1026","author":[{"given":"MOIS\u00c9S VARGAS","family":"TER\u00c1N","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NELSON CALCAGNO","family":"FERRAT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JUAN","family":"LUBROTH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","unstructured":"Karstad L.H. 1970. Miscellaneous viral diseases: hog cholera.InInfectious Diseases of Wild Animals. J.W. Daviset al. Eds.: 168\u2010171. Iowa State University Press Ames."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","unstructured":"Office International des Epizooties. 2003. Handistatus II monthly animal diseases status. OIE database \u3008http:\/\/www.oie.int\/hs2\/report.asp\u3009 May 27 2003. Paris France."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","unstructured":"Roppa L. 2003. Mitos y verdades sobre la carne del cerdo. Memoirs VI Central American and Caribbean Congress on Swine May 2003. Guatemala Guatemala."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","unstructured":"Delgado C. M. Rosegrant H. Steinfeld et al.1999. Livestock to 2020: the next food revolution. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPPI) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Livestock Research Institute. IFPPI Food Agriculture and Environment Discussion paper 28. IFPPI. Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","unstructured":"Pinto Cortes J. 2003. 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UK.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00112-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","unstructured":"Lubroth J. 1999. Epidemiolog\u00eda Virulencia y Peste Porcina Cl\u00e1sica en las Am\u00e9ricas. Proceedings FAO Consultation of Classical Swine Fever Experts 1999. FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago Chile."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","unstructured":"van Oirschol J.T. & C. Tepstra. 1997. Hog cholera virus.InVirus Infections of Porcines. M.B. Pensaert Ed.: 113\u2010130. Elsevier. Amsterdam."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","unstructured":"USDA. 1981. Hog cholera and its eradication: a review of U.S. Experience. United States Department of Agriculture Animal Health Inspection Service APHIS 91\u201055 Washington DC USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","unstructured":"Fritzemeier J. I. Greiser\u2010Wilker K. Depner & V. Moenning. 1998. Characterization of CSF virus isolates originating from German wild boar.InReport on Measures to Control Classical Swine Fever in European Wild Boar Perugia Italy. Commission of the European Communities Document VI\/7196\/98\u2010AL.: 107\u2013109."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler M.E. 1996. Husbandry and diseases of captive wild swine and peccaries. Scientific and Technical Review OIE vol.15 No. 1. Paris France.","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.15.1.913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.2.589-597.1991","article-title":"Structural proteins of hog cholera virus expressed by vaccinia virus: further characterization and introduction of protective immunity","volume":"65","author":"R\u00fcmenapf T.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","unstructured":"Oficina Internacional de Epizootias. 2000. XV Conference of the Regional Commission of the OIE for the Americas. Final Report 73 pp. Paris France."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","unstructured":"FAO. 2000. 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