{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:22:37Z","timestamp":1791354157496,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]],"date-time":"2006-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":468,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>:<\/jats:bold>It has been hypothesized that babesial sporozoites express specific antigens that induce protective immunologic responses in cattle. However, they remain uncharacterized, partly for lack of research on the sporozoite stage of<jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>spp. This field suffers from complete knowledge of parasite development in the tick salivary gland; limited amounts of sporozoites from ticks, and a lack of protocols for induction and purification of sporozoites. In this work,<jats:italic>Boophilus microplus<\/jats:italic>larvae infected with<jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>were fed on susceptible cattle. Nymphs were collected and macerates were separated by a Percoll density gradient. Microscopic analysis of Giemsa\u2010stained smears showed a larger number of sporozoites from nymphs fed for 9 days. Percoll\u2010purified sporozoites were observed in large numbers in groups or individually and free of tick cells. RT\u2010PCR analysis of total RNA extracted from purified sporozoites indicated transcription of the rhoptry associate protein 1 (<jats:italic>rap\u20101<\/jats:italic>) genes:<jats:italic>rap\u20101a, rap\u2010b, rap\u20101c<\/jats:italic>, as well as the heat shock protein 20 (<jats:italic>hsp\u201020<\/jats:italic>) gene. Purified sporozoites were cultured<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>analyzed for RAP\u20101a expression using an immunocytochemistry assay. Erythrocyte\u2010attached sporozoites reacted with a specific RAP\u20101a monoclonal antibody. This is the first report of<jats:italic>Babesia bigemina<\/jats:italic>sporozoite antigens. Moreover, purified sporozoites will allow the characterization of stage\u2010specific antigens involved in immunologic protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1307.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,16]],"date-time":"2004-12-16T23:57:42Z","timestamp":1103241462000},"page":"222-231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Babesia bigemina<\/i>: Sporozoite Isolation from<i>Boophilus microplus<\/i>Nymphs and Initial Immunomolecular Characterization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1026","author":[{"given":"JUAN","family":"MOSQUEDA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JUAN A.","family":"RAMOS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALFONSO","family":"FALCON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J ANTONIO","family":"ALVAREZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"VICENTE","family":"ARAGON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JULIO V.","family":"FIGUEROA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","unstructured":"MacCosker P.J. 1981. 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