{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T11:15:36Z","timestamp":1756898136411},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]],"date-time":"2006-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":468,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> To determine the optimal dose of a combined, frozen immunogen containing <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture\u2010derived strains of <jats:italic>Babesia bovis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Babesia bigemina<\/jats:italic>, twenty\u2010four 14\u2010month\u2010old <jats:italic>Bos taurus<\/jats:italic> steers from a <jats:italic>Boophilus microplus<\/jats:italic>\u2010free area in Northern Mexico were used in this experiment. Cattle were randomly allocated into six groups with four animals each, and were intramuscularly inoculated as follows: group 1 (control animals) were administered with normal bovine erythrocytes; group 2 received 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>\u2010 and <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected erythrocytes as a combined fresh immunogen. Groups 3\u20106 were inoculated with a combined frozen immunogen containing (previous to cryopreservation at \u2212196\u00b0C) 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>, 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>, 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>, and 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> infected erythrocytes of each parasite species, respectively. Four months after immunization, principal and control animals were translocated to a bovine babesiosis endemic zone for field challenge. This was carried out by introducing the experimental cattle to tick\u2010infested pastures for 30 days without ixodicide treatment. Cattle were monitored from day 8 postintroduction to the field (PIF) by recording the manifestation of clinical disease, rectal temperature values (RT), packed cell volume index (PCV), and percent of parasitized erythrocytes (PPE). At challenge, all experimental cattle became infected with both <jats:italic>Babesia bovis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>. However, except for two animals from group 6, none of the vaccinated animals showed signs of acute clinical babesiosis; therefore, no treatment was instituted. Out of six animals showing acute clinical babesiosis (four group 1 controls and two group 6 vaccinates), two animals (one from each group) died, despite babesiacide treatment, as they manifested classical cerebral babesiosis caused by <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>. Regardless of the dose or type of immunogen used (combined fresh or frozen), 90% of vaccinated cattle were determined to be protected against the virulent <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> sp. field isolates. Nevertheless, by evaluating clinical parameters, such as average of maximum drop in PVC index (28.5%), average duration of parasitemia (3 days for <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>; 8.5 days for <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>), and average duration of RT values \u2265 39.5 \u00b0C (2 days), animals receiving 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> infected erythrocytes, as combined frozen immunogen, were more efficaciously protected against challenge with virulent <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic> field isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1307.043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,16]],"date-time":"2004-12-16T23:57:42Z","timestamp":1103241462000},"page":"277-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Field Challenge of Cattle Vaccinated with a Combined <i>Babesia bovis<\/i> and <i>Babesia bigemina<\/i> Frozen Immunogen"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1026","author":[{"given":"J ANTONIO","family":"ALVAREZ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JUAN A.","family":"RAMOS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"EDMUNDO E.","family":"ROJAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JUAN J.","family":"MOSQUEDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CARLOS A.","family":"VEGA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ANDREA M.","family":"OLVERA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JULIO V.","family":"FIGUEROA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GERMINAL J.","family":"CANT\u00d3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez J.A. & G.J. Cant\u00f3. 1985. Epidemiolog\u00eda de la babesiosis.InParasitolog\u00eda. Vol. Conmemorativo pp. 55\u201072. Sociedad Mexicana de Parasitolog\u00eda. S.C. M\u00e9xico D.F."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","unstructured":"FAO. 1989. Review strategies for the control of ticks and tick\u2010borne diseases and their vectors. FAO expert consultation pp. 1\u201015. Rome Italy."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.42.1.15-18.1983","article-title":"Cloning of Babesia bovis by in vitro cultivation","volume":"42","author":"Rodr\u00edguez S.D.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Patogenia de una clona irradiada de Babesia bovis obtenida de cultivo in vitro","volume":"26","author":"Salas T.E.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Tec. Pecu. 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Rojas et al.Protecci\u00f3n contra babesiosis bovina con una vacuna mixta deBabesia bovisyBabesia bigeminaderivada de cultivoin vitrobajo una confrontaci\u00f3n de campo. I. Inmunizaci\u00f3n en un \u00e1rea libre de la enfermedad. Vet. Mex. In press."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3 G.J. E.E. Rojas J.A. Alvarez et al.Protecci\u00f3n contra babesiosis bovina con una vacunamixta deBabesia bovisyBabesia bigeminaderivada de cultivoin vitrobajo una confrontaci\u00f3n de campo. II. Inmunizaci\u00f3n en un \u00e1rea endemica. In press."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","first-page":"540","article-title":"Vaccination against bovine babesiosis","volume":"967","author":"Vos A.J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. 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