{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:32:34Z","timestamp":1790472754254,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]],"date-time":"2006-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":468,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> In 2002, the drug problem in Southeast and Southwest Asia was serious, particularly in the production of opium and heroin in Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Laos, the three largest producers of illicit opium in the world. The increasing illicit manufacture of ATS, particularly methamphetamine, in Southeast Asia, mainly in China and Myanmar, was also a major concern. Some reports indicated that ephedrine, used for illicitly producing methamphetamine in Southeast Asia, is diverted and smuggled out of China and India, whereas caffeine, the adulterant used for producing methamphetamine tablets, is mainly smuggled into Myanmar through its border with Thailand. Seizure data showed a dramatic increase in trafficking in MDMA through Southeast Asia. In terms of the drug epidemic, in 2002, cannabis remained overall the main drug of abuse in all of the countries of Southeast and Southwest Asia. Opiates, mainly opium and heroin, were also the drugs of choice except in Thailand, where opiate abuse declined, but ATS was the main drug of abuse due to its low cost and availability. A significant increase in ATS abuse, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA among the youth who smoked, sniffed, and inhaled them was reported in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Thailand. Injecting drug use among opiate abusers has been identified as the prime cause of the rapid spread of HIV\/AIDS in Southeast and Southwest Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1316.055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,12]],"date-time":"2004-11-12T22:34:16Z","timestamp":1100298856000},"page":"446-457","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Drug Problem in Southeast and Southwest Asia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1025","author":[{"given":"KONGPETCH","family":"KULSUDJARIT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","unstructured":"UNODC. 2003. Global illicit drug trends. Pre\u2010Publication Draft. Vienna: UNODC 2003.: 3 7 15 24. (http:\/\/www.unodc.org)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"US. INCSR. 2003.: II\u20105 14; VIII\u20106 63.","DOI":"10.2307\/25574605"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","unstructured":"Ibid.: 14 51\u201052 63 75."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","unstructured":"INCB. 2003. The INCB 2002 Report. Vienna: UN Information Service.: 51\u201052 54 74\u201375."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","unstructured":"Ibid.: 53\u201054 56\u201058 60 62 64."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","unstructured":"Calvani S. 2002. People's power against drugs: adaptive changes in Southeast Asia. Harvard Asia Quart.: 19."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","unstructured":"Eligh J. 2003. Beyond anecdotes: community\u2010based assessment of drug abuse in Highland Vietnam. Eastern Horizons No. 13: 4\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","unstructured":"Islam Z. Drugs situation of Bangladesh.: 1\u20132."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","unstructured":"DEA. 2002. Drug Intelligence Brief: India Country Brief. May."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","unstructured":"Shiwakoti D.S. 2002. Nepal. May."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","unstructured":"Ahmad N. 2002. Pakistan home to 500 000 drug addicts. December 23 2002. (http:\/\/paknews.com)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","unstructured":"Million Aussies Using Cannabis (http:\/\/hoovnews.hoovers.com)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","unstructured":"Laidler K.J. 2002. Globalization drugs and the stimulant Society. ODCCP. Eastern Horizons No. 12: 19."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","unstructured":"Lunding P. 2002. Ketamine: a new drug on the block. ODCCP. Eastern Horizons No. 9: 7."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","unstructured":"Summary Reports of the Illicit Drug Situation in Cambodia 2002.: 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","unstructured":"INCSR 2003.: VIII\u201024."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","unstructured":"Lee A. Drug smuggling down in Taiwan as US climbs. June 14 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","unstructured":"Thion H. 2002. International day against drugs in Laos PDR: Highlight Prevention. ODCCP. Eastern Horizons No. 11: 14."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","unstructured":"INCSR. 2003.: VIII\u201048."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","unstructured":"Kin C.C. More addicts turning to synthetic drugs. The Strait Times."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","unstructured":"Fagan K. 2003. Southeast Asia is reeling from combo of meth AIDS. June 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ONCB. 2003. Thailand Drug Situation 2002\u20102003. Jan\u2010Mar: 5\u20106 16.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-6210(03)00620-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","unstructured":"Bendikeen L.M. 2003. Who's living in my body? An inside look at methamphetamine treatment in Thailand. UNODC. Eastern Horizons No. 13: 18\u201319."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","unstructured":"Australia Crime Commission. 2003. Australian Illicit Drug Report 2001\u20102002.: 12 15\u201017 63 80 94 99."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","unstructured":"Quinn T.C. 2002. AIDS epidemic. (http:\/\/www.Unaids.org\/worldaidsday\/2002\/press\/Epiupdate.html)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","unstructured":"The UGAMUNCGA 3rd Committee. 2003. Christian Science Monitor June."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","unstructured":"Reed G. The hidden epidemic: A situation assessment of drug use in Asia in the context of HIV\/AIDs. (http:\/\/www.chr.asn.aul)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","unstructured":"Hongru W. 2003. Nations together to control HIV\/AIDs in China. UNODC. Eastern Horizons No. 14: 7."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","unstructured":"Bazant W. 2002. Indonesia moves to action: the country takes a run to tackling IDU trends. ODCCP. Eastern Horizons No. 11: 6\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","unstructured":"Nepal. 2002. Focus on drug abuse control. The Katmandu Post December 2002. 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