{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:56:53Z","timestamp":1775152613434,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]],"date-time":"2006-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":437,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> Lipodystrophy is an increasingly recognized complication of antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This syndrome encompasses both fat accumulation and wasting, which may be accompanied by metabolic derangements in glucose and lipid metabolism. While the precise mechanism of its development is not fully understood, lipodystrophy may represent chronic mitochondrial toxicity due to antiretroviral therapy and\/or chronic HIV infection. Treatment of this condition has proven difficult, prompting research into agents that promote fat metabolism and mitochondrial function. l\u2010Carnitine is a nonessential micronutrient that regulates fatty acid transport into the mitochondrial matrix for metabolism via \u03b2\u2010oxidation. HIV\u2010infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy may become deficient in this cofactor, limiting mitochondrial fat metabolism. While studies have shown some benefit for carnitine supplementation in cardiovascular disease, mitochondrial myopathies, and possibly male infertility, the data for its use in HIV\u2010infected individuals are limited. Given its known physiologic function and the hypothesized mitochondrial basis for lipodystrophy, carnitine supplementation for this antiretroviral toxicity is reviewed. The available data from several small studies are inconclusive, although further research into this promising agent is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1320.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,8]],"date-time":"2004-12-08T23:33:28Z","timestamp":1102548808000},"page":"139-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Acetyl\u2010l\u2010carnitine for the Treatment of HIV Lipoatrophy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1033","author":[{"given":"LARRY","family":"DAY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CECILIA","family":"SHIKUMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARIANA","family":"GERSCHENSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200211010-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200209010-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200101260-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200208010-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317477"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200107270-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339866"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.22.2621"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200309010-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200301010-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200312150-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200112070-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/R8M7-EQ0M-CNPW-39FC"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200212060-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_16_2","first-page":"539","article-title":"Host factors may be more important than the choice of antiretrovirals in the development of lipoatrophy","volume":"13","author":"McComsey G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS Read"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199807000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200201010-00003","article-title":"Body habitus changes and metabolic alterations in protease inhibitor\u2010na\u00efve HIV\u20101\u2010infected patients treated with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"29","author":"Galli M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199909100-00009","article-title":"A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiving long\u2010term nucleoside analogue therapy","volume":"13","author":"Saint\u2010Marc T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200007070-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200109280-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200308150-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350300800409","article-title":"Mitochondrial proliferation, DNA depletion, and adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of HIV\u2010positive HAART recipients","volume":"8","author":"Pace C.S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199911120-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_25_2","first-page":"261","article-title":"Mitochondria and lipodystrophy: where are we now? Antivir","volume":"8","author":"Gerschenson M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.2.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200212060-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375878"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200208010-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.2.942"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_33_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"A pilot study for the use of pioglitazone in the treatment of highly active antiretroviral therapy lipodystrophy syndromes","volume":"6","author":"Calmy A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350300800303","article-title":"Rosiglitazone in the treatment of HAART\u2010associated lipodystrophy\u2014a randomized double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Sutinen J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200210010-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_36_2","first-page":"345","article-title":"l\u2010Carnitine: therapeutic applications of a conditionally\u2010essential amino acid","volume":"3","author":"Kelly G.S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_37_2","first-page":"290","article-title":"Nutrients and HIV: part three\u2014N\u2010acetylcysteine, alpha\u2010lipoic acid, l\u2010glutamine, and l\u2010carnitine","volume":"5","author":"Patrick L.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_38_2","unstructured":"Champe P.C. & R.A. Harvey. 1994. Metabolism of dietary lipids.InLippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry. Second edition pp. 163\u2010198. Lippincott. Philadelphia."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_39_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Determination of l\u2010carnitine in biological fluids and tissues","volume":"28","author":"Deufel T.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199202000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.10.3817","article-title":"Effect of l\u2010carnitine on human immunodeficiency virus\u20101\u2010associated apoptosis: a pilot study","volume":"91","author":"Moretti S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4727"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_43_2","first-page":"250","article-title":"Effect of acetyl\u2010l\u2010carnitine in the treatment of painful peripheral neuropathies in HIV+ patients","volume":"2","author":"Scarpini E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200111090-00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200106150-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199405000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1293.2001.00049.x"}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1320.013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1196\/annals.1320.013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T17:42:31Z","timestamp":1695663751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1196\/annals.1320.013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1196\/annals.1320.013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1320.013","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}}}