{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:31:12Z","timestamp":1791984672640,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,6]],"date-time":"2006-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> Magnetic resonance T2* values of the myocardium are directly related to tissue iron levels. Minor effects from myocardial oxygenation and fibrosis are overwhelmed by the highly dominant iron effect in clinically relevant levels of myocardial iron overload. Myocardial T2* values less than 20 ms indicate iron overload, and this is considered severe when T2* is less than 10 ms. Decreasing myocardial T2* levels are associated with systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction. Most recorded cases of heart failure in thalassemia to date have occurred in patients with very low T2* values (in the severe range). Exceptions to this have occurred in patients with other causes of heart failure such as concomitant congenital heart disease. In patients presenting with heart failure who undergo aggressive chelation with continuous intravenous deferoxamine, longitudinal studies show that myocardial T2* increases, and this is accompanied by increases in ejection fraction and relief of heart failure. In cross\u2010sectional studies, the myocardial T2* and ejection fraction of patients on deferiprone was superior to that of patients on deferoxamine. Randomized controlled prospective trials comparing these two drugs for their action in clearing myocardial iron, as measured by myocardial T2*, are under way and should report in 2005\/2006. These trials will clarify the role of different chelators in the management of myocardial iron overload and may be valuable in reducing the toll of death in thalassemia from heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1345.045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,8]],"date-time":"2005-12-08T23:18:51Z","timestamp":1134083931000},"page":"373-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["T2* Magnetic Resonance and Myocardial Iron in Thalassemia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1054","author":[{"given":"DUDLEY J.","family":"PENNELL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson L.J. M.A. Westwood S. Holdenet al.2004. Myocardial iron clearance during reversal of siderotic cardiomyopathy with intravenous desferrioxamine: a prospective study using T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Br. J. Haematol.127:348\u2010355.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen P.D. F.T. Jensen T. Christensenet al.2003. Evaluation of myocardial iron by magnetic resonance imaging during iron chelation therapy with desferrioxamine: indication of close relation between myocardial iron content and chelatable iron pool. Blood101:4632\u20104639.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-09-2754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen P.D. F.T. Jensen T. Christensenet al.2001. Indirect evidence for the potential ability of magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate the myocardial iron content in patients with transfusional iron overload. MAGMA12:153\u2010166.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-8661(01)00112-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","unstructured":"Liu P.P. M. Henkelman J. Joshiet al.1996. Quantification of cardiac and tissue iron by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry in a novel murine thalassaemia\u2010cardiac iron overload model. Can. J. Cardiol.12:155\u2010164."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z.J. L. Lian Q. Chenet al.2005. 1\/T2 and magnetic susceptibility measurements in a gerbil cardiac iron overload model. Radiology234:749\u2010755.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2343031084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogeni S.I. E.D. Gotsis V. Markussiset al.1998. T2 relaxation time study of iron overload in \u03b2\u2010thalassemia. MAGMA6:7\u201012.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02662506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","unstructured":"He T. P.D. Gatehouse M. Tanneret al.2005. Myocardial T2 estimation for measurement of iron loading in the heart. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson.7:526."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson L.J. S. Holdenet al.2001. Cardiovascular T2* (T2 star) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. Eur. Heart J.22:2171\u20102179.","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2001.2822"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westwood M. L.J. Anderson D.N. Firminet al.2003. A single breath\u2010hold multiecho T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique for diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging18:33\u201039.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10332"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghugre N.R. C.M. Enriquez T.D. Coateset al.2005. Improved R2* measurements in myocardial iron overload. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson.7:32\u201033.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20467"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westwood M.A. B. Wonke A.M. Maceiraet al.2005. Left ventricular diastolic function compared with T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance for early detection of myocardial iron overload in thalassemia major. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging.22:229\u2010233.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20379"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Baseline findings of a CMR driven randomized controlled trial of iron chelation therapy in thalassemia major","volume":"7","author":"Tanner M.A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westwood M. L.J. Anderson D.N. Firminet al.2003. Interscanner reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging18:616\u2010620.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10396"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westwood M.A. D.N. Firmin G. Mattaet al.2005. Intercentre reproducibility of magnetic resonance T2* measurements of myocardial iron in thalassemia. Int. J. Cardiac Imaging. In press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-005-0651-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westwood M.A. M.N. Sheppard M. Awogbadeet al.2005. Myocardial biopsy and T2* magnetic resonance in heart failure due to thalassemia. Br. J. Haematol.128:2.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05234.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12224-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood J.C. T.M. Tyszka S. Carsonet al.2004. Myocardial iron loading in transfusion\u2010dependent thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Blood103:1934\u20101936.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-06-1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson L.J. B. Wonke E. Prescottet al.2002. Comparison of effects of oral deferiprone and subcutaneous desferrioxamine on myocardial iron levels and ventricular function in beta thalassaemia. Lancet360:516\u2010520.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09740-4"}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1345.045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1196\/annals.1345.045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T20:54:38Z","timestamp":1695675278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1196\/annals.1345.045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1196\/annals.1345.045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1345.045","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}}}