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As examples, the presence of two islet cell antibodies (ICA) are associated with a 50% risk of developing diabetes mellitus in 5 years, anticyclic citrullinated (anti\u2010CCP) antibodies are found in the sera of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients a median of 4.5 years before the overt disease, and in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), patients accrue antibodies throughout a foreseen course during the 3\u20134 years prior to the clinical symptoms. This ability to predict autoimmune diseases, or rather their clinical manifestations, leads to the prospect of screening healthy individuals for autoantibodies. The importance of such a notion lies not only in the ability to prevent life\u2010threatening manifestations, such as Addisonian's crisis and thyroid storm, but also in the ability to treat and even prevent overt autoimmune diseases. Among such documented treatment modalities are administration of aspirin in antiphospholipid syndrome, ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), vitamin D in SLE and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), and more. Although additional studies are still needed to fully assess these notions, as well as the appropriate screening strategies to apply them, one cannot ignore the prospect of predicting and preventing autoimmunity.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1351.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]],"date-time":"2006-07-19T19:35:49Z","timestamp":1153337749000},"page":"322-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Predicting and Preventing Autoimmunity, Myth or Reality?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1069","author":[{"given":"MICHAL","family":"HAREL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YEHUDA","family":"SHOENFELD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930410001726878"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930410001710668"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2004.00153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu393oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11434"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096120398678919985"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(05)80004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400504"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14257"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16154-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012350"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15786-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930410001726012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051616"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930410001710677"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930410001708733"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11223"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","first-page":"892","article-title":"Gilburd B, Brickman CM, Gerli R, Shoenfeld Y, anti\u2010Cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies as a diagnostic test for rheumatoid arthritis and predictor of an erosive disease","volume":"4","author":"Orbach H.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Isr. 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