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Infection in humans is often asymptomatic, but it can manifest as an acute disease (usually a self\u2010limited flu\u2010like illness, pneumonia, or hepatitis) or as a chronic form (mainly endocarditis, but also hepatitis and chronic fatigue syndrome).<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>infection in pregnant women may result in abortions, premature deliveries, and stillbirths. Infection in nature is maintained and transmitted by ticks as the principal vector and reservoir. Cattle, sheep, and goats are the most important source of human infections. Humans contract<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>infection mostly by aerosol in contact with contaminated environs, wind playing an important factor in spreading the infection. The wide distribution of<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>contributes to a high resistance of its extracellular small cell variant to environmental conditions. Its intracellular large cell variant, adapted to survive under harsh conditions of phagolysosomes, enables long\u2010term survival and persistence of<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>, namely in monocytes\/macrophages. Host factors such as underlying disease and cell\u2010mediated immunity play a decisive role in the clinical expression of<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>infection. Complete genome analysis of<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>will certainly contribute to better understanding of the pathogenesis of<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>infection and will improve Q fever diagnosis and immunoprophylaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1355.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,15]],"date-time":"2006-02-15T19:58:18Z","timestamp":1140033498000},"page":"105-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["<i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1063","author":[{"given":"JAN","family":"KAZAR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Q fever: still a query and underestimated infectious disease","volume":"46","author":"Kovacova E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06537.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","first-page":"455","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity among isolates of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"132","author":"Vodkin M.H.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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