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Examples of deleterious genes affecting aging (predisposition to early\u2010life pathology and disease) are those that confer risk for developing vascular disease in the heart, brain, or peripheral vessels (APOE, ACE, MTFHR, and mutation at factor II and factor V genes), a gene associated with sporadic late\u2010onset Alzheimer's disease (APOE E4), a polymorphism (COLIA1 Sp1) associated with an increased fracture risk, and several genetic polymorphisms involved in hormonal metabolism that affect adverse reactions to estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. In summary, the process of aging can be regarded as a multifactorial trait that results from an interaction between stochastic events and sets of epistatic alleles that have pleiotropic age\u2010dependent effects. Lacking those alleles that predispose to disease and having the longevity\u2010enabling genes (those beneficial genetic variants that confer disease resistance) are probably both important to such a remarkable survival advantage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1356.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,6]],"date-time":"2006-01-06T20:33:18Z","timestamp":1136579598000},"page":"50-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Genetic Contribution to Aging: Deleterious and Helpful Genes Define Life Expectancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1057","author":[{"given":"J I","family":"LAO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"MONTORIOL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I","family":"MORER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"BEYER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.2.M83"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2004.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"An Old Question Revisited: Current Understanding of Aging Theories","volume":"6","author":"Wong T.P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"McGill J. 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