{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:48:35Z","timestamp":1792180115887,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":53,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The day\/night rhythm in melatonin production is a characteristic feature in vertebrate physiology. This hormonal signal reliably reflects the environmental light conditions and is independent of behavioral aspects. In all mammalian species, melatonin production is regulated by norepinephrine, which is released from sympathetic nerve fibers exclusively at night. Norepinephrine elevates the intracellular cAMP concentration via \u03b2\u2010adrenergic receptors and activates the cAMP\u2010dependent protein kinase A. This pathway is crucial for regulation of the penultimate enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis, the arylalkylamine <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetyltransferase (AANAT); cAMP\/protein kinase A may, however, act in different ways. In ungulates and primates, pinealocytes constantly synthesize AANAT protein from continually available <jats:italic>Aanat<\/jats:italic> mRNA. During the day\u2014in the absence of noradrenergic stimulation\u2014the protein is immediately destroyed by proteasomal proteolysis. At nighttime, elevated cAMP levels cause phosphorylation of AANAT by protein kinase A. This posttranslational modification leads to interaction of phosphorylated AANAT with regulatory 14\u20133\u20133 proteins, which protect AANAT from degradation. Increases in AANAT protein are paralleled by increases in enzyme activity. Stimulation of the cAMP\/protein kinase A pathway may also activate pineal gene expression. In rodents, transcriptional activation of the <jats:italic>Aanat<\/jats:italic> gene is the primary mechanism for the induction of melatonin biosynthesis and results in marked day\/night fluctuations in <jats:italic>Aanat<\/jats:italic> mRNA. It involves protein kinase A\u2010dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element\u2010binding protein (CREB) and binding of phosphorylated CREB in the promoter region of the <jats:italic>Aanat<\/jats:italic> gene. In conclusion, a common neuroendocrine principle, the nocturnal rise in melatonin, is controlled by strikingly diverse regulatory mechanisms. This diversity has emerged in the course of evolution and reflects the high adaptive plasticity of the melatonin\u2010generating pineal organ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1356.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,6]],"date-time":"2006-01-06T20:33:18Z","timestamp":1136579598000},"page":"372-383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Mechanisms Regulating Melatonin Synthesis in the Mammalian Pineal Organ"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1057","author":[{"given":"CHRISTOF","family":"SCHOMERUS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HORST\u2010WERNER","family":"KORF","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Organization of the primate circadian system","volume":"8","author":"Moore R.Y.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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