{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:48:42Z","timestamp":1774122522079,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,29]],"date-time":"2006-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":118,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> The aim of this study is to identify immune correlates of protection against tuberculosis induced by the current vaccine, Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG). This knowledge should be valuable for developing and testing novel tuberculosis vaccines. Blood from 5675 10\u2010week\u2010old South African infants, routinely vaccinated with BCG at birth, was collected, processed, and stored. Subsequently, infants who have developed tuberculosis disease\u2014\u201cnot protected by the vaccine\u201d\u2014and infants who have remained healthy despite exposure to adults with tuberculosis\u2014\u201cprotected by the vaccine\u201d\u2014have been identified. Recall immune responses to mycobacterial antigens in whole blood samples from the infants have been elicited; the next step will be to retrieve stored blood of \u201cunprotected\u201d and \u201cprotected\u201d infants and compare immunity induced by BCG in the two groups. To guide the immune analysis, various pilot studies are being conducted to characterize the vaccination\u2010induced host response. Preliminary results indicate that BCG does indeed induce a potent CD8 T\u2010cell response, with cytokine\u2010producing or cytotoxic potential, in infants. An induction of FoxP3 mRNA expression in some mycobacteria\u2010stimulated whole\u2010blood samples is also being found, which suggests the presence of BCG\u2010induced regulatory CD4 T cells. Finally, stimulation of whole blood with mycobacterial antigens has resulted in a consistent pattern of cytokine release: significant numbers of infants make either large amounts of the effector cytokine interferon\u2010\u03b3, or large amounts of the regulatory cytokine interleukin\u201010, but not both. Tests will, therefore, be made to determine whether CD8 or regulatory CD4 T\u2010cell responses, as well as \u201coutlier\u201d cytokine responses, are associated with vaccination\u2010induced protection against tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1358.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,6]],"date-time":"2006-02-06T19:33:16Z","timestamp":1139254396000},"page":"69-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["The Immune Response to BCG Vaccination of Newborns"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1062","author":[{"given":"WILLEM A.","family":"HANEKOM","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 1993. Tuberculosis fact sheet. World Health Organization. Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2002. Tuberculosis fact sheet. World Health Organization. Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","unstructured":"Fine P. 2000. BCG vaccines and vaccination.InTuberculosis: A Comprehensive International Approach. L.B. Reichman & E.S. Hershfield Eds.: 503\u2010524. Marcel Dekker. New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","first-page":"429","article-title":"Disseminated Bacillus Calmette\u2010Guerin infection in HIV\u2010infected children: case report and review","volume":"7","author":"Campos J.M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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