{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:00:57Z","timestamp":1792807257519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,29]],"date-time":"2006-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":118,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> Cytokines are small protein molecules that facilitate communication between cells of the immune system and other tissues. Their messenger function elicits responses in other cells, ranging from DNA binding and tissue remodeling to coordinating the local cellular response to inflammation. The magnitude of the cytokine response is regulated closely, because an over\u2010 or underabundance of cytokine activity can impair organ function and cause shock and tissue injury. Counterregulatory molecular and humoral mechanisms protect the host from cytokine excess, including the pituitary\u2010adrenal\u2010glucocorticoid system, and the anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine system. These humoral systems are protective, but they are relatively slow\u2010acting, concentration\u2010gradient dependent, and not integrated. We recently discovered that the \u201ccholinergic anti\u2010inflammatory pathway,\u201d a nervous system\u2010based, rapid, and locally acting mechanism, can inhibit the cytokine response. Signals transmitted via the vagus nerve converge on cytokine\u2010producing cells that express the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 (nAChR \u03b17). The \u03b17 receptor is an essential component of the cholinergic anti\u2010inflammatory pathway, because activation of this receptor prevents cytokine release. Advances in understanding the molecular structure and function of \u03b17 have begun to provide a better understanding of potential mechanisms regarding its assembly, expression, and cytokine\u2010inhibiting functions. It may be possible to exploit this pathway to therapeutic advantage for diseases caused by excessive cytokine activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1358.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,6]],"date-time":"2006-02-06T19:33:16Z","timestamp":1139254396000},"page":"209-219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Immunologic Role of the Cholinergic Anti\u2010Inflammatory Pathway and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine \u03b17 Receptor"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1062","author":[{"given":"MARGOT","family":"GALLOWITSCH\u2010PUERTA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KEVIN J.","family":"TRACEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3764421"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","first-page":"88","article-title":"Physiological responses to cachectin","volume":"131","author":"Tracey K.J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ciba Found. 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