{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:30:54Z","timestamp":1791891054051,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,26]],"date-time":"2006-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:sc>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:sc>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:bold>A biological abnormality found to be associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be, among other things, a pretrauma vulnerability factor, that is, it may have been present prior to the event's occurrence and increased the individual's likelihood of developing PTSD upon traumatic exposure. Alternately, it may be an acquired PTSD sign, that is, it may have developed after the traumatic exposure, along with the PTSD. We have studied pairs of Vietnam combat veterans and their noncombat\u2010exposed, identical twins in an effort to resolve these competing origins. Combat veterans were diagnosed as current PTSD or non\u2010PTSD (i.e., never had). Average heart rate responses (HRRs) to a series of sudden, loud\u2010tone presentations were larger in Vietnam combat veteran twins with PTSD, but these larger responses were not shared by their noncombat\u2010exposed cotwins, whose responses were similar to those of the non\u2010PTSD combat veterans and their noncombat\u2010exposed cotwins. These results suggest that larger HRRs to sudden, loud tones represent an acquired sign of PTSD. In contrast, increased neurological soft signs (NSSs), diminished hippocampal volume, and presence of abnormal cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) were found in Vietnam combat veteran twins with PTSD and their \u201chigh\u2010risk,\u201d unexposed cotwins compared to Vietnam combat veteran twins without PTSD and their \u201clow\u2010risk,\u201d unexposed cotwins. These results support the conclusion that the latter abnormalities represent antecedent, familial vulnerability factors for developing chronic PTSD upon exposure to a traumatic event.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,4]],"date-time":"2006-08-04T21:56:13Z","timestamp":1154728573000},"page":"242-254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Clarifying the Origin of Biological Abnormalities in PTSD Through the Study of Identical Twins Discordant for Combat Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1071","author":[{"given":"ROGER K.","family":"PITMAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARK W.","family":"GILBERTSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TAMARA V.","family":"GURVITS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FLAVIA S.","family":"MAY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NATASHA B.","family":"LASKO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LINDA J.","family":"METZGER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARTHA E.","family":"SHENTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RACHEL","family":"YEHUDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SCOTT P.","family":"ORR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Harvard\/VA PTSD Twin Study 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