{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:34:38Z","timestamp":1788219278177,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1160006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:sc><\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>It is counter\u2010intuitive that the healthcare industry, whose mission is the care of the sick, is itself a \u201chigh\u2010hazard\u201d industry for the workers it employs. Possessing every hazard class, with chemical agents in the form of pharmaceuticals, sterilants, and germicidals in frequent use, this industry sector consistently demonstrates poor injury and illness statistics, among the highest in the United States, and in the European Union (EU), 34% higher than the average work\u2010related accident rate. In both the United States and the EU, about 10% of all workers are employed in the healthcare sector, and in developing countries as well, forecasts for the increasing need of healthcare workers (HCW) suggests a large population at potential risk of health harm. The explosion of technology growth in the healthcare sector, most obvious in pharmaceutical applications, has not been accompanied by a stepped up safety program in hospitals. Where there is hazard recognition, the remedies are often voluntary, and often poorly enforced. The wrong assumption that this industry would police itself, given its presumed knowledge base, has also been found wanting. The healthcare industry is also a significant waste generator threatening the natural environment with chemical and infectious waste and products of incineration. The ILO has recommended that occupational health goals for industrial nations focus on the hazards of new technology of which pharma and biopharma products are the leaders. This unchecked growth cannot continue without a parallel commitment to the health and safety of workers encountering these \u201chigh tech\u201d hazards. Simple strategies to improve the present state include: (<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>) recognizing healthcare as a \u201chigh\u2010hazard\u201d employment sector; (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>) fortifying voluntary safety guidelines to the level of enforceable regulation; (<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>) \u201cpotent\u201d inspections; (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>) treating hazardous pharmaceuticals like the chemical toxicants they are; and (<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>) protecting HCWs at least as well as workers in other high\u2010hazard sectors.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1371.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,22]],"date-time":"2006-11-22T03:36:57Z","timestamp":1164166617000},"page":"601-606","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Chemical Hazards in Health Care"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1076","author":[{"given":"MELISSA A.","family":"McDIARMID","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_2","volume-title":"Revised with Translation and Notes. 1940","author":"Ramazzini B.","year":"1713"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_2","volume-title":"Tomorrow's Jobs","author":"Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_2","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Department of Labor.2005.Injuries Illnesses and Fatalities Program.http:\/\/www.bls.gov\/iif\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_2","unstructured":"European Agency for Safety and Health at Work.2002.Safety and health good practice on line for the healthcare sector. FACTS 29."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199307000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_2","first-page":"669","volume-title":"The Healthcare Worker, State of the Art Reviews in Occupational Medicine","author":"Black L.A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/56.14.1427"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_2","first-page":"572","article-title":"Measurement of surface contamination by certain antineoplastic drugs using high performance liquid chromatography: applications in occupational hygiene investigations in hospital environments","volume":"90","author":"Rubino F.M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Lav."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_2","unstructured":"Manufacturers product information for Infliximab(Centocor); Rituximab (Genentech); Trastuzumab (Genentech)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_2","unstructured":"Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. OSHA and the Environmental of Care Compatibilities. Plant Technology and Safety Management.1997. Oakbrook Terrace Illinois ."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_2","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NIOSH Alert: Preventing Occupational Exposure to Antineoplastic and other Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare Settings.2004. DHHS Pub. No. 2004\u2010165."}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1371.032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1196\/annals.1371.032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T02:49:59Z","timestamp":1695610199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1196\/annals.1371.032"}},"subtitle":["High Hazard, High Risk, but Low Protection"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1196\/annals.1371.032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1371.032","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}}}