{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:57:56Z","timestamp":1790935076894,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]],"date-time":"2006-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1163721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:sc><\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>The human serum resistance\u2010associated (SRA) gene was identified in 28 (80%) of the 35 <jats:italic>T.b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> trypanosomes from parasitologically confirmed sleeping sickness cases, using the primers designed by Radwanska and in 27 (77.1%) of the same 35 <jats:italic>T.b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> trypanosomes using the primers designed by Gibson. However, about 20% of the 35 <jats:italic>T.b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> trypanosomes could not be detected by SRA\u2014polymerase chain reaction (PCR) even when an aliquot of the first PCR was used in the second PCR, indicating that the gene may be absent in those trypanosomes or the trypanosomes could be having another variant of SRA not detectable by these primers since three variants of SRA genes have so far been identified or the amount of trypanosomal DNA extracted from infected blood was too low to be detected. The trypanosome isolates that are SRA gene negative may indicate the presence of some <jats:italic>T.b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> trypanosomes with modified or lack SRA genes or simple loss of the SRA gene from the expression site in which it resides during antigenic variation.<\/jats:bold>\n          <jats:bold>Analysis of trypanosomes derived from domestic animals showed that 79 (90.8%) of the 87 trypanosomes isolated from cattle were positive by <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic> (TBR)\u2013PCR, indicating that they were <jats:italic>Trypanozoon<\/jats:italic> while 8 (9.2%) of the trypanosome isolates which were negative by TBR\u2013PCR could be <jats:italic>T. vivax, T. congolense,<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>T. theileri<\/jats:italic>. When subjected to SRA\u2013PCR, 10 (11.5%) of the 87 trypanosomes isolates derived from cattle were positive, indicating that there could be <jats:italic>T.b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> circulating in cattle, which is similar to the percentage of <jats:italic>T.b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> previously obtained in cattle in Serere, Soroti district.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,30]],"date-time":"2006-11-30T00:48:38Z","timestamp":1164847718000},"page":"311-319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Detection of <i>T.b. rhodesiense<\/i> Trypanosomes in Humans and Domestic Animals in South East Uganda by Amplification of Serum Resistance\u2010Associated Gene"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1081","author":[{"given":"JOHN CHARLES K.","family":"ENYARU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ENOCK","family":"MATOVU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BARBRA","family":"NERIMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARGARET","family":"AKOL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CHARLES","family":"SEBIKALI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60400-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the animal reservoir of Gambian sleeping sickness part III. Characterization of Trypanozoon stocks by isoenzymes and sensitivity to human serum","volume":"33","author":"Mehlitz D.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000061229"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"631","article-title":"Characterization by isoenzyme electrophoresis of Trypanozoon stocks from sleeping sickness endemic areas of South East Uganda","volume":"70","author":"Enyaru J.C.K.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. 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