{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T19:49:23Z","timestamp":1757706563313},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]],"date-time":"2006-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1163721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:sc><\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>Heartwater is a tick\u2010borne infectious disease caused by the rickettsial organism <jats:italic>Cowdria ruminantium<\/jats:italic>, currently <jats:italic>Ehrlichia ruminantium<\/jats:italic>. It poses an imminent threat to the Western Hemisphere, where it could cause mortality in cattle and other ruminant livestock in excess of 70%. It has been reported in the Caribbean; and its vector, <jats:italic>Amblyomma sparsum<\/jats:italic>, has been found on imported African spurred tortoises (<jats:italic>Geochelone sulcata<\/jats:italic>) and leopard tortoises (<jats:italic>Geochelone pardalis<\/jats:italic>) in southern Florida in the United States, leading to an importation ban on these reptiles. Symptoms have not been previously reported in reptiles. Here, we report peracute and acute deaths in African vipers imported from Africa through Florida. Signs included vomiting mucoid fluid, diarrhea, emaciation, convulsions, and death. Postmortem showed few gross lesions. The most consistent peracute and acute lesions were the pulmonary lesions and pericarditis with considerable bloody fluid in the pericardial sac (hydropericardium). These lesions strongly resembled the lesions of heartwater and a coccobacillus of less than 1\u2010micron diameter was isolated in viper cell culture. The outbreak was brought to a halt by tick control and treatment of all exposed snakes with tetracycline. This isolation, tetracycline sensitivity, clinical signs, preliminary results with polymerase chain reaction of pCS20 ORF, and the viper preference of the disease may indicate a Cowdria\u2010related attenuated species that has adapted to infect reptiles or an emerging new form of this group of microbes.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,30]],"date-time":"2006-11-30T00:48:38Z","timestamp":1164847718000},"page":"434-442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Emerging Tick\u2010Borne Disease in African Vipers Caused by a <i>Cowdria<\/i>\u2010Like Organism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1081","author":[{"given":"JOHNATHAN L.","family":"KIEL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RODOLFO M.","family":"ALARCON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JILL E.","family":"PARKER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JEEVA","family":"VIVEKANANDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YVETTE B.","family":"GONZALEZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LUCILLE J.V.","family":"STRIBLING","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CARRIE J.","family":"ANDREWS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.1.166-172.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0201.960102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-10-2627"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1079\/BER200071","article-title":"Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) spread by the international trade in reptiles and their potential roles in dissemination of diseases","volume":"91","author":"Burridge M.J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"427","article-title":"Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection): current status","volume":"27","author":"Uilenberg G.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","volume-title":"Heartwater (Cowdriosis). A Review","author":"Camus E.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"651","article-title":"Florida not tickled by threat of infestation","volume":"216","author":"Monti D.J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04391.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.4.981-986.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","author":"Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Animal Industry. December 9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heartwater Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","unstructured":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.1999.Emergency prohibition against importation of certain African tortoises. 68A\u2010ER\u201099\u201001."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","unstructured":"Koney E.B.M.19941997.Heartwater in Ghana: applying new diagnostic tests in disease epidemiology.R5971CB:95\u201396."}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1373.062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1196\/annals.1373.062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T07:01:00Z","timestamp":1695625260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1196\/annals.1373.062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1196\/annals.1373.062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1373.062","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}}}