{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T16:31:59Z","timestamp":1788021119521,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,31]],"date-time":"2006-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:sc><\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>The first description of Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) was made by Conor and Brush in 1910 in Tunisia, where, at the same time, Nicolle described the role of lice in transmission of epidemic typhus. However, along this century, there have been few and fragmentary reports about ecology and epidemiology of rickettsioses in North Africa. This region was always considered, for these diseases, like other Mediterranean regions. The most human tick\u2010borne rickettsiosis known to occur in North Africa is MSF caused by <jats:italic>R. conorii<\/jats:italic> and transmitted by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Recent studies showed that other arthropode\u2010transmitted rickettsiae are prevalent in North Africa: <jats:italic>R. aeschlimannii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>R. massiliae,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. felis<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, <jats:italic>R. felis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. aeschlimannii<\/jats:italic> human infection were respectively confirmed, by serology in Tunisia, and by PCR in Morocco. The seroprevalence of <jats:italic>R. conorii<\/jats:italic> among healthy population was ranging from 5% to 8% in most of the countries. Epidemiological and clinical features are frequently resumed in an eruptive fever with eschar occurring in hot season in rural areas. Typhus group rickettsioses, caused by <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. prowazekii<\/jats:italic> are less frequently reported than in the 1970s. Seroprevalence of <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic> among blood donors was from 0.5% to 4%. In Algeria about 2% of febrile patients had <jats:italic>R. prowazekii<\/jats:italic> antibodies. Moreover, reemerging threat of epidemic typhus should be considered, after the two cases recently diagnosed in the highlands of Algeria. Murine typhus, considered as \u201cbenign\u201d typhus, is underestimated. When <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic> was inserted in serologic tests, murine typhus became more frequently confirmed. In a recent study in Central Tunisia, we confirmed an emergence of murine typhus mistaken for <jats:italic>R. conorii<\/jats:italic> or viral infection. In addition to typhus surveillance, future studies have to determine which spotted fever group rickettsiae are prevalent in vectors and in human pathology.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1374.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,18]],"date-time":"2006-11-18T02:13:56Z","timestamp":1163816036000},"page":"34-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Epidemiology of Rickettsioses in North Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1078","author":[{"given":"AMEL","family":"LETA\u00cfEF","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.4.694"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"486","article-title":"Transmission exp\u00e9rimentale du typhus exanth\u00e9matique par le pou de corps","volume":"149","author":"Nicolle C.","year":"1909","journal-title":"C. 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