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These are associated with the activation of the cells of the monocyte\u2013macrophage system in a context\u2010dependent manner. Estrogen regulates differentiation, maturation and function of many cell types in this system directly or indirectly via other cells by autocrine\/paracrine mechanisms. Estrogen effects on the monocyte\u2013macrophage system are primarily repressive. Most of these effects are mediated by repression of expression of genes for cytokines or modulation of other inflammatory mediators by the estrogen receptor (ER)\u2010dependent or nongenomic pathways. The ER\u2010dependent mechanisms mostly involve modulation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u2010kappaB) pathway for transcriptional regulation of cytokine or other mediator genes. In the context of hormone\u2010regulated cancer, estrogen can influence production of cytokines or other inflammatory mediators by both tumor cells and tumor\u2010invading macrophages. The interactions of breast and prostate cancer cells with tumor\u2010associated macrophages (TAMs) may play an important role in tumor progression and even in the development of resistance to hormonal treatment. Regulation of the monocyte\u2013macrophage system by estrogen and cross\u2010talk between the ER and cytokine\u2010mediated pathways provides multiple novel targets for development of selective ER modulator (SERM) molecules for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal degenerative and neoplastic diseases.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1386.045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T18:28:39Z","timestamp":1170440919000},"page":"218-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Monocyte\u2013Macrophage System as a Target for Estrogen and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1089","author":[{"given":"PIRKKO L.","family":"H\u00c4RK\u00d6NEN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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