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This upregulation can have an effect on Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> transients and possibly contribute to diastolic dysfunction and an increased risk of arrhythmias. Studies from both <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model systems have provided an initial skeleton of the potential signaling pathways that regulate the exchanger during development, growth, and hypertrophy. The <jats:italic>Ncx1<\/jats:italic> gene is upregulated in response to \u03b1\u2010adrenergic stimulation. We have shown that this is via p38\u03b1 activation of transcription factors binding to the <jats:italic>Ncx1<\/jats:italic> promotor at the \u201380 CArG element. Interestingly, most of the elements, including the CArG element, which we have demonstrated to be important for regulation of <jats:italic>Ncx1<\/jats:italic> expression are in the proximal 184 bp of the promotor. Using a transgenic mouse, we have shown that the proximal 184 bp is sufficient for expression of reporter genes in adult cardiomyocytes and for the correct spatiotemporal pattern of <jats:italic>Ncx1<\/jats:italic> expression in development but not for upregulation in response to pressure overload.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1387.058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,19]],"date-time":"2007-04-19T20:24:00Z","timestamp":1177014240000},"page":"195-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Regulation of <i>Ncx1<\/i> Gene Expression in the Normal and Hypertrophic Heart"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1099","author":[{"given":"DONALD R.","family":"MENICK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LUDIVINE","family":"RENAUD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AVERY","family":"BUCHHOLZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JOACHIM G.","family":"M\u00dcLLER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HONGMING","family":"ZHOU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CHRISTIANA S.","family":"KAPPLER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"STEVEN W.","family":"KUBALAK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SIMON J.","family":"CONWAY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LIN","family":"XU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"H1024","volume":"265","author":"Kent R.L.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. 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