{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:21:00Z","timestamp":1772796060809,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,10]],"date-time":"2007-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1197244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>This study deals with the possible inhibitory role played by acetyl\u2010<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine (ALC) against methamphetamine (METH)\u2010induced behavioral sensitization. Because valproate (VAL) inhibits the behavioral sensitization exerted by different psychostimulants, we investigated ALC's potential to prevent the amplification of METH\u2010mediated psychomotor effects. We therefore evaluated the locomotor effects of VAL or ALC alone or in combination with METH after acute (day 1) as well as repeated (day 7) drug challenge. Finally, to assess the induction of behavioral sensitization, we also recorded the METH\u2010mediated locomotor response after 7 days of drug suspension (day 15). Results showed that both VAL and ALC prevented the METH\u2010induced sensitization. Another interesting observation was the significantly higher METH\u2010induced hyperactivity at day 15 (after a 7<\/jats:bold>\u2010<jats:bold>day drug\u2010free period), indicating that behavioral sensitization developed during the washout period. Results also showed that both the acute and repeated coadministration of METH with either VAL or ALC inhibited METH\u2010induced hyperactivity. We present different hypotheses concerning similar but also peculiar mechanisms that might underlie the preventive action of VAL and ALC. These data add to a growing body of literature that illustrates the potential of ALC in protecting against the insult of dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism and psychostimulant\u2010mediated neurotoxicity. By demonstrating an<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>action against one of the most abused drugs, these results raise the possibility of beneficial effects of ALC in abuse behavior.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1403.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,12]],"date-time":"2007-12-12T15:57:47Z","timestamp":1197475067000},"page":"260-275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Valproate and Acetyl\u2010<scp>l<\/scp>\u2010carnitine Prevent Methamphetamine\u2010Induced Behavioral Sensitization in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1122","author":[{"given":"ROBERTO","family":"COCCURELLO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ANTONIO","family":"CAPRIOLI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ORLANDO","family":"GHIRARDI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ASHRAF","family":"VIRMANI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10301"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-199308000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(91)90007-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(74)90060-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(97)00021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(75)90152-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.33.040193.003231","article-title":"Amphetamine: effects on catecholamine systems and behavior","volume":"32","author":"Seiden L.S.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0732406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001269"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dopamine\u2013GABA interactions: evidence that GABA transmits, modulates and mediates dopaminergic functions in the basal ganglia and the limbic system","volume":"107","author":"Scheel\u2010Kruger J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","first-page":"678","article-title":"Gamma\u2010Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor stimulation. III. Effect of progabide (SL 76002) on norepinephrine, dopamine and 5\u2010hydroxytryptamine turnover in rat brain areas","volume":"220","author":"Scatton B.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01257019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0789"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200207020-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000394"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2003.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.27.040187.001353"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10479"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(05)80044-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00415-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07992.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1316.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02251137"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00261-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300512"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00871-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0696-699"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36858-2","article-title":"Rapid and reversible effects of methamphetamine on dopamine transporters","volume":"282","author":"Fleckenstein A.E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_2","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Methamphetamine\u2010induced rapid decrease in dopamine transporter function: role of dopamine and hyperthermia","volume":"295","author":"Metzger R.R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.04.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(98)00067-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(81)90056-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(96)00635-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91524-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_2","first-page":"253","article-title":"Morphological and electrophysiological changes of peripheral nerve\u2013muscle unit in the aged rat prevented by levocarnitine acetyl","volume":"12","author":"Scarfo C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00075-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1320.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00621.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01291783"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01257019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03141-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10232"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03136.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220410397"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300604"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"A dopamine\u2010 and cyclic AMP\u2010regulated phosphoprotein enriched in dopamine\u2010innervated brain regions","volume":"301","author":"Walaas S.I.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90713-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890170310"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.4.1620"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67041770.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37339-2","article-title":"Resistance to neuronal nitric oxide synthase deficient mice to methamphetamine\u2010induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in vivo","volume":"284","author":"Itzhak Y.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024984013069"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(03)00052-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03379.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490370112"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90319-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-6618(95)80020-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01095-5","article-title":"Methylphenidate sensitization is modulated by valproate","volume":"69","author":"Eckermann K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000151489.36347.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1892-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"The relationship between substance abuse and bipolar disorder","volume":"56","author":"Brady K.T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450190043026"}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1403.019","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1403.019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1196\/annals.1403.019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T15:46:10Z","timestamp":1737647170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1196\/annals.1403.019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1196\/annals.1403.019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1403.019","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}}}