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Sixty percent of those infected have no symptoms and benign outcome is generally associated with a specific cellular immune response to coccidioidal antigens. We have recently teased out the human pulmonary granulomatous response during coccidioidomycosis and noted that there are perigranulomatous clusters of lymphocytes consisting predominantly of B lymphocytes and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T lymphocytes. In other work, we have found that the mannose receptor as well as the toll\u2010like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 may have a role in recognizing glycosylated coccidioidal antigens. In addition, the IL\u201012 receptor axis appears to be operative during antigen recognition and IL\u201012p40 may be the active moiety. Finally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from persons with disseminated coccidioidomycosis are able to respond to coccidioidal antigen when it is presented by a mature monocyte\u2010derived IL\u20104\u2010generated dendritic cell (DC). These observations could be useful in the development of a human vaccine against coccidiodomycosis.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,17]],"date-time":"2007-10-17T22:34:18Z","timestamp":1192660458000},"page":"245-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Complex Immunology of Human Coccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1111","author":[{"given":"NEIL M.","family":"AMPEL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1938.02790410018005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.36.12.1394"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Emerg. Infect. 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