{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:02:46Z","timestamp":1792854166256,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,16]],"date-time":"2007-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1184544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:sc>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:sc>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been recognized as a human pathogen for almost 100 years and is the etiological agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. Soon after its discovery, it became recognized as an important pathogen in several parts of the world, for example, in the United States and Soviet Union. The number of tularemia cases in the two countries peaked in the 1940s and has thereafter steadily declined. Despite this decline, there was still much interest in the pathogen in the 1950s and 1960s since it is highly infectious and transmissible by aerosol, rendering it a potent biothreat agent. In fact, it was one of the agents that was given the highest priority in the offensive programs of the United States and Soviet Union. After termination of the offensive programs in the 1960s, the interest in\n                      <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      diminished significantly and little research was carried out for several decades. Outbreaks of tularemia during the last decade in Europe, for example, in Kosovo, Spain, and Scandinavia, led to a renewed public interest in the disease. This, together with a massive increase in the research funding, in particular in the United States since 2001, has resulted in a significant increase in the number of active\n                      <jats:italic>Francisella<\/jats:italic>\n                      researchers. This article summarizes, predominantly with a historical perspective, the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of tularemia and the physiology of\n                      <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1409.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,18]],"date-time":"2007-07-18T18:13:35Z","timestamp":1184782415000},"page":"1-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":527,"title":["Tularemia: History, Epidemiology, Pathogen Physiology, and Clinical Manifestations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1105","author":[{"given":"ANDERS","family":"SJ\u00d6STEDT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/10.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"Insect bites","volume":"3","author":"Pearse R.A.","year":"1911","journal-title":"Northwest Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.11.4.657"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"Studies on yato\u2010byo (Ohara's disease, tularemia in Japan)","volume":"24","author":"Ohara S.","year":"1954","journal-title":"I. Jpn. J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","first-page":"635","article-title":"[Tularemia in Norway. A clinical and epidemiological review]","volume":"112","author":"Scheel O.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/15.2.331"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.21.2763"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Biohazard","author":"Alibek K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","volume-title":"Unit 731 Testimony","author":"Gold H.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","volume-title":"Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons","author":"Anonymous","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970201"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4575306"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.92.6.1838-1839.1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-1-38"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","first-page":"200","volume-title":"The Proteobacteria, Part B, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2","author":"Sj\u00f6stedt A.B.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-1-120"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-006-0109-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","article-title":"Characterization of Francisella sp., GM2212, the first Francisella isolate from marine fish, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)","author":"Ottem K.F.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400052840"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","first-page":"138","article-title":"Comparative studies of strains of B. tularense in the Old and New World and their taxonomy","volume":"3","author":"Olsufiev N.G.","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. (Prague)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Taxonomy and characteristic of the genus Francisella Dorofeev, 1947","volume":"14","author":"Olsufiev N.G.","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","first-page":"291","article-title":"Infraspecific taxonomy of tularemia agent Francisella tularensis McCoy et Chapin","volume":"26","author":"Olsufiev N.G.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","volume-title":"Tularemia in North America. 1930\u20131974","author":"Jellison W.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4589039"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.7.1601-1608.1989","article-title":"Francisella philomiragia new combination formerly Yersinia\u2010Philomiragia and Francisella tularensis biogroup novicida formerly Francisella novicida associated with human disease","volume":"27","author":"Hollis D.G.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-137-12-2697"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.8.1995-2000.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1207.051504"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1961.03620050068007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1961.03620050055006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"The ecology of tularemia","volume":"18","author":"Hopla C.E.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.100.3.1237-1241.1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02605862"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","first-page":"503","volume-title":"Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 1, 1st ed","author":"Bercovier H.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-11-888"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.12.6043-6050.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.5494-5500.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4578567"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.3.440"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","first-page":"855","article-title":"The immune response to Francisella tularensis in rats","volume":"2","author":"Kostiala A.A.I.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.12.5164-5171.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.10.6792"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01254-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/114.3.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.5940-5950.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3204-3217.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00529.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601838103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45685-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4691-4694.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4642-4646.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1994.tb00931.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00251.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4576069"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4587498"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_2","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Human Diseases with Natural Foci, Vol. 2","author":"Olsufiev N.G.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05245-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_2","first-page":"273","article-title":"[Results and perspectives of the study of natural foci of tularemia in USSR]","volume":"46","author":"Olsufiev N.G.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Med Parazitol. (Mosk.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410020442"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0707.017740","article-title":"Waterborne outbreak of tularemia associated with crayfish fishing.","volume":"7","author":"Anda P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322601"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020051"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0801.010131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"Tularemia \u2013 United States, 1990\u20132000","volume":"51","author":"Hayes E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197910113011507"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020462"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"The cutaneous method of the specific prophylaxis of tularemia","volume":"6","author":"El'bert B. I.","year":"1947","journal-title":"Rostov"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_2","first-page":"187","article-title":"Horse flies as transmitters and conservators of tularemia","volume":"2","author":"Olsufiev N.G.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Animaux Pathogen. Sect. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_2","unstructured":"Olsufiev N.G.1940.Results of transmission of tularemia in the USSR.Works of the All\u2010Union Conference Microbiologist Epidemiologist & Infectionist."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Natural focality, epidemiology and prophylaxis of tularemia","volume":"9","author":"Olsufiev N.G.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022456212332"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_2","first-page":"603","volume-title":"Tice's Practice of Medicine","author":"Francis E.","year":"1942"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.4.733"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-194901000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115812"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Public Health Monogr","author":"Jellison W.L.","year":"1955"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contamination of natural waters and mud with Pasteurella tularensis and tularemia in beavers and muskrats in the northwestern United States","volume":"193","author":"Parker R.R.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Inst. Health."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_2","first-page":"641","article-title":"Tularemia; a study based on the incidence of positive agglutination tests against P. tularensis in the Indian population of Manitoba and North\u2010Western Ontario","volume":"31","author":"Wood W.J.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Manit. Med. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_2","first-page":"151","article-title":"Quantum differences in oral susceptibility of voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, to virulent Francisella tularensis type B, in drinking water: implications to epidemiology","volume":"2","author":"Bell J.F.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ecol. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"An outbreak of tularemia in mink","volume":"68","author":"Henson J.B.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1003.030504"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.17.5808-5818.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4582067"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_2","first-page":"177","article-title":"Tularemia og dens forekomst i Norge","volume":"2","author":"Thj\u00f6tta T.","year":"1930","journal-title":"Nord. Med. T."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Welt\u2010Suchen Atlas, Vol. 1","author":"Jusatz H.J.","year":"1952"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.3.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378761"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015551213151"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1971.3.issue-1.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1942.tb03345.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.1.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1986.03780010079015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549709011851"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.4.471"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Alibek, tularaemia, and the battle of Stalingrad","author":"Geissler E.","year":"2005","journal-title":"CBW Convention Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"[Tularemia prevention during the Second World War]","volume":"47","author":"Rogozin I.I","year":"1970","journal-title":"Z. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_2","first-page":"644","article-title":"\u201cEin Beitrag zur Epidemiologie und Symptomatologie der Tular\u00e4mie.\u201d","volume":"7","author":"Landsiedl A.","year":"1942","journal-title":"Der. Dtsch. Milit\u00e4rarzt."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540510012125"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_2","unstructured":"Parker R.R.1934.Recent studies of tick\u2010borne disease made at the United States Public Health Service laboratory at Hamilton Montana.5th Pac. Sci. Cong. 19343367\u20133374."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199004000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00088903"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_2","first-page":"114","article-title":"Tularemia \u2013 a perusal of three hundred thirty\u2010nine cases","volume":"115","author":"Dienst J.F.T.","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Louisiana State Med. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/BR.26.3.354-373.1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"[On the problem of the increase of immunogenic properties of live vaccine against tularemia.]","volume":"30","author":"Faibich M.M.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Z. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_2","volume-title":"A review. The Institute of Contemporary Russian Studies","author":"Pollitzer R.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/135.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.3.3.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_2","first-page":"129","article-title":"[Certain indices of immunity in children vaccinated against tularemia.]","volume":"29","author":"Piotrovskaia S.A.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Z. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00345-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.1.110"}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1409.009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1196\/annals.1409.009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T02:12:30Z","timestamp":1695607950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1196\/annals.1409.009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1196\/annals.1409.009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1409.009","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}}}