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Currently, there are four recognized subspecies (<jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>holarctica<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mediasiatica<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>novicida<\/jats:italic>), in addition to a second <jats:italic>Francisella<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>F. philomiragia<\/jats:italic>. It is clear from molecular sampling of the environment that these human pathogens are a mere fraction of the <jats:italic>Francisella<\/jats:italic> diversity. Taxonomic nomenclature is now being based upon several DNA\u2010sequence\u2010based approaches and this advance provides for robust phylogenetic models that are guiding the systematics of this genus. This in turn allows for better molecular epidemiological investigations and more precise ecological analysis. Tularemia ecology is still only partially understood, with many knowledge gaps about the disease reservoir and vectors. Molecular analysis has identified a major population split within <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic> that points toward distinctive ecological adaptations, vectors, and host species. Current medical practice does not rely upon subspecies or subpopulation identification, although this information may have predictive value for clinical outcome, especially in the United States. Combined molecular and epidemiological analyses suggest that the population split in <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic> matches two distinct human diseases in the United States with different mortality rates. DNA\u2010sequence\u2010based typing of <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>holarctica<\/jats:italic> from tularemia outbreaks in Europe and the United States proves regional identity among isolates and also demonstrates that this subspecies successfully disseminated worldwide in recent evolutionary time<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1409.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,18]],"date-time":"2007-07-18T22:13:35Z","timestamp":1184796815000},"page":"30-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":330,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology, Evolution, and Ecology of <i>Francisella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1105","author":[{"given":"PAUL","family":"KEIM","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANDERS","family":"JOHANSSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DAVID M.","family":"WAGNER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"A plague\u2010like disease in rodents","volume":"43","author":"McCoy G.W.","year":"1911","journal-title":"Publ. 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