{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:02:29Z","timestamp":1787767349466,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,10]],"date-time":"2007-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>Abstract<\/jats:sc>:\u2002<\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>Thymosin \u03b11 (T\u03b11), first described and characterized by Allan Goldstein in 1972, is used worldwide for the treatment of some immunodeficiencies, malignancies, and infections. Although T\u03b11 has shown a variety of effects on cells and pathways of the immune system, its central role in modulating dendritic cell (DC) function has only recently been appreciated. As DCs have the ability to sense infection and tissue stress and to translate collectively this information into an appropriate immune response, an action on DCs would predict a central role for T\u03b11 in inducing different forms of immunity and tolerance. Recent results have shown that T\u03b11: (<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>) primed DCs for antifungal Th1 resistance through Toll\u2010like receptor (TLR)\/MyD88\u2010dependent signaling and this translated <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in protection against aspergillosis; (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>) activated plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) via the TLR9\/MyD88\u2010dependent viral recognition, thus leading to the activation of interferon regulatory factor 7 and the promotion of the IFN\u2010\u03b1\/IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2212dependent effector pathway, which resulted <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in protection against primary murine cytomegalovirus infection; (<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>) induced indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase activity in DCs, thus affecting tolerization toward self as well as microbial non\u2010self\u2010antigens, and this resulted <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in transplantation tolerance and protection from inflammatory allergy<\/jats:bold>.\u2003<jats:bold>T\u03b11 is produced <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> by cleavage of prothymosin \u03b1 in diverse mammalian tissues. Our data qualify T\u03b11 as an endogenous regulator of immune homeostasis and suggest that instructive immunotherapy with T\u03b11, via DCs and tryptophan catabolism, could be at work to control inflammation, immunity, and tolerance in a variety of clinical settings<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1415.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,18]],"date-time":"2007-10-18T19:57:59Z","timestamp":1192737479000},"page":"326-338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Thymosin 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