{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:01:42Z","timestamp":1787767302326,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,10]],"date-time":"2007-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>Abstract<\/jats:sc>:\u2002<\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>After the initial dramatic effects, observed in a Lewis lung carcinoma animal model, using a combination of thymosin alpha 1 (T\u03b11) and interferon (IFN) after cyclophosphamide, a number of other preclinical models in mice (Friend erythroleukemia and B16 melanoma) and in rats (DHD\/K12 colorectal cancer liver metastasis) have confirmed the efficacy of the combination therapy with T\u03b11 and either IFN or IL\u20102 plus chemotherapy. These results provided the scientific foundation for the first clinical trials using T\u03b11 in combination with BRMs and\/or chemotherapy. Pivotal trials in advanced non\u2010small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma with T\u03b11 and IFN\u2010\u03b1 low doses after cis\u2010platinum or dacarbazine produced the first evidence of the high potentiality of this approach in the treatment of human cancer.<\/jats:bold>\n          <jats:bold>The combination of T\u03b11 and IFN\u2010\u03b1 was also used in patients affected by chronic B and C hepatitis including IFN\u2010nonresponders and infected by precore mutants or genotype 1b. Further studies demonstrated additional biological activities clarifying the mechanism of action of T\u03b11, partially explaining the synergism with IFN. It has been shown the capacity of activating infected dendritic cells through Toll\u2010like receptor signaling, thus influencing the inflammation balance, and of increasing the expression of tumor, viral, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I antigens. Dose\u2013response studies suggested the possibility of improving the efficacy of this molecule reducing the overall toxic. Based on these information two clinical trials are ongoing: a large phase II on advanced melanoma patients treated with T\u03b11 at different doses after dacarbazine and a phase III one, on IFN\u2010resistant hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients treated with a triple combination (IFN, ribavirin, and T\u03b11).<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1415.044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,18]],"date-time":"2007-10-18T19:57:59Z","timestamp":1192737479000},"page":"225-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Thymosin Alpha 1"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1112","author":[{"given":"ENRICO","family":"GARACI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CARTESIO","family":"FAVALLI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FRANCESCA","family":"PICA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PAOLA","family":"SINIBALDI VALLEBONA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANNA","family":"TERESA PALAMARA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CLAUDIA","family":"MATTEUCCI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PASQUALE","family":"PIERIMARCHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANNALUCIA","family":"SERAFINO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANTONIO","family":"MASTINO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FRANCESCO","family":"BISTONI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LUIGINA","family":"ROMANI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GUIDO","family":"RASI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_2","first-page":"310","article-title":"Recombinant leukocyte A interferon in B\u2010cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: in vivo effects on autologous antitumor immunity","volume":"4","author":"Schulof R.S.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. 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