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In the present article, we review the current literature on implicit learning and dyslexia. We describe a novel, forced\u2010choice structural \u201cmere exposure\u201d artificial grammar learning paradigm and characterize this paradigm in normal readers in relation to the standard grammaticality classification paradigm. We argue that preference classification is a more optimal measure of the outcome of implicit acquisition since in the preference version participants are kept completely unaware of the underlying generative mechanism, while in the grammaticality version, the subjects have, at least in principle, been informed about the existence of an underlying complex set of rules at the point of classification (but not during acquisition). On the basis of the \u201cmere exposure effect,\u201d we tested the prediction that the development of preference will correlate with the grammaticality status of the classification items. In addition, we examined the effects of grammaticality (grammatical\/nongrammatical) and associative chunk strength (ACS; high\/low) on the classification tasks (preference\/grammaticality). Using a balanced ACS design in which the factors of grammaticality (grammatical\/nongrammatical) and ACS (high\/low) were independently controlled in a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial design, we confirmed our predictions. We discuss the suitability of this task for further investigation of the implicit learning characteristics in dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1416.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,11]],"date-time":"2009-08-11T08:26:52Z","timestamp":1249979212000},"page":"132-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Implicit Learning and Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1196","volume":"1145","author":[{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Folia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Udd\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Forkstam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ingvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hagoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl Magnus","family":"Petersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142946"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.30.3.714"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Knowledge of language","author":"Chomsky N.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/12222"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1423029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Computability: An introduction to recursive function theory","author":"Cutland N. 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