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One of the leading paradigms used as an assay of vigilant attention is the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), a high signal\u2010load reaction\u2010time test that is extremely sensitive to sleep deprivation. Over the last twenty years, four dominant findings have emerged from the use of this paradigm. First, sleep deprivation results in an overall slowing of responses. Second, sleep deprivation increases the propensity of individuals to lapse for lengthy periods (&gt;500\u2003ms), as well as make errors of commission. Third, sleep deprivation enhances the time\u2010on\u2010task effect within each test bout. Finally, PVT results during extended periods of wakefulness reveal the presence of interacting circadian and homeostatic sleep drives. 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