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To address the hypothesis that GRP mediates chronic lung injury, we present the cumulative evidence implicating GRP in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the chronic lung disease of premature infants who survive acute respiratory distress syndrome. The availability of well\u2010characterized animal models of BPD was a critical tool for demonstrating that GRP plays a direct role in the early pathogenesis of this disease. Potential mechanisms by which GRP contributes to injury are analyzed, with the main focus on innate immunity. Autoreactive T cells may contribute to lung injury late in the course of disease. A working model is proposed with GRP triggering multiple cell types in both the innate and adaptive immune systems, promoting cascades culminating in chronic lung disease. These observations represent a paradigm shift in the understanding of the early pathogenesis of BPD, and suggest that GRP blockade could be a novel treatment to prevent this lung disease in premature infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1418.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,11]],"date-time":"2009-08-11T12:23:35Z","timestamp":1249993415000},"page":"136-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Gastrin\u2010Releasing Peptide, Immune Responses, and Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.1196","volume":"1144","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Degan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giselle Y.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Kevill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Sunday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb23870.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.18.5699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Biology of disease: gastrin\u2010releasing peptide (mammalian bombesin) gene expression in health and disease","volume":"59","author":"Sunday M.E.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lab. 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