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The volume of plant matter available makes lignocellulose conversion to ethanol desirable, although no one isolated organism has been shown to break bonds in lignocellulose and efficiently metabolize resulting sugars into one product. This work reviews directed engineering coupled with metabolic evolution resulting in microbial biocatalysts that produce up to 45\u2003g\u2003L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> ethanol in 48\u2003hours in a simple mineral salts medium and that convert various compounds of lignocellulosic materials to ethanol. Mutations contributing to ethanologenesis are discussed along with adding enzymatic capabilities to existing biocatalysts in order to decrease the commercial enzymes required to reduce plant matter into fermentable sugars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1419.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]],"date-time":"2008-03-31T15:52:32Z","timestamp":1206978752000},"page":"363-372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["<i>Anaerobic Respiration in Engineered<\/i><scp>Escherichia coli<\/scp><i>with an Internal Electron Acceptor to Produce Fuel Ethanol<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1125","author":[{"given":"Joy Doran","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lonnie O.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-6445(89)90033-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-004-1819-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(99)00155-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-005-0229-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1444-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530100624"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bp9901062"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1997-0666.ch003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","first-page":"78","volume-title":"Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion\u2010ton Annual Supply","author":"Perlack R.D.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","first-page":"350","volume-title":"Advances in Biochemical Engineering\/Biotechnology","author":"Jarboe L.R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology","author":"Lin E.C.C.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00134626"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.8.1943-1948.1989","article-title":"Efficient ethanol\u2010production from glucose, lactose, and xylose by recombinant Escherichia coli","volume":"55","author":"Alterthum F.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. 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