{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:22:05Z","timestamp":1790893325730,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,29]],"date-time":"2007-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>Abstract<\/jats:sc>:\u2002<\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, most typically salivary and lacrimal glands. In Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, the acinar cells of these glands are damaged and destroyed, leading to diminished secretion of saliva and tear fluid. Accordingly, the current American\u2010European criteria of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome include xerostomia (dry mouth) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes). In addition to these sicca symptoms and signs, the diagnostic criteria require autoimmune features in the form of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome SS\u2010A and\/or SS\u2010B autoantibodies and lymphocyte infiltrates in labial salivary glands. Majority of patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome are women and the diagnosis is usually done when they are 40\u201350 years old. The cause of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is unknown, but taking into account the female dominance and the late onset, our hypothesis is that sex steroids play a key role in the etiology of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. More specifically, we believe that the driving factor behind Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome could be lack of androgens. It has been shown that patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome have low concentrations of circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA\u2010S) compared to age\u2010matched healthy controls. Our hypothesis is that patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome suffer from an insufficient local androgen effect in the exocrine target tissues of the disease because of low systemic levels and\/or ineffective local intracrine handling of DHEA\u2010S prohormone. To further clarify the role of sex steroids and the eventual deficiency of androgens, salivary glands are studied using protein markers regulated by androgens or estrogens<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1422.045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,16]],"date-time":"2007-10-16T22:43:07Z","timestamp":1192574587000},"page":"426-432","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Influence of Sex Steroids on Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1108","author":[{"given":"PAULIINA","family":"POROLA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MIKAEL","family":"LAINE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LIISA","family":"VIRKKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PRASEET","family":"PODUVAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YRJ\u00d6 T.","family":"KONTTINEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.10.1069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.6.554"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2003.44.6.947"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508401218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90173-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Low serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in women with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome as an isolated sign of impaired HPA axis function","volume":"28","author":"Valtysdottir S.T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","first-page":"2632","article-title":"Comparative influence of steroid hormones and immunosuppressive agents on autoimmune expression in lacrimal glands of a female mouse model of Sjogren's syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Sato E.H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20730"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Extragonadal synthesis of sex steroids: intracrinology","volume":"64","author":"Labrie F.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol. 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