{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:00:59Z","timestamp":1761512459245},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,29]],"date-time":"2007-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>Abstract<\/jats:sc>:\u2002<\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>Antiphospholipid antibodies show a close association to a variety of infections. Recent data implicate that parvovirus B19 may be used as a model\u2010system for studying the interaction of viral infection and the development of these autoantibodies. B19\u2010related diseases commonly associated with the acute infection show flu\u2010like symptoms, transient arthralgias, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and, in pregnant women, spontaneous abortion and hydrops fetalis. Hepatitis, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis, as well as pure red cell anemia may occur occasionally. In addition, parvovirus B19 infections have been frequently described as the cause or trigger of various forms of autoimmune diseases affecting all blood cell lines, joints, connective tissue, uvea, and large and small vessels. Molecular mimicry may be one major contribution to the appearance of autoimmune antibodies, for example, antiphospholipid and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies as well as antinuclear antigens. These mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of parvovirus B19\u2010triggered autoimmune diseases, especially focused on the development of antiphospholipid antibodies, will be discussed in this mini review.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1422.060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,16]],"date-time":"2007-10-16T22:43:07Z","timestamp":1192574587000},"page":"578-583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Are Antiphospholipid Antibodies an Essential Requirement for an Effective Immune Response to Infections?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1108","author":[{"given":"PHILIPP","family":"Von LANDENBERG","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YVONNE","family":"D\u00d6RING","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SUSANNE","family":"MODROW","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KARL J.","family":"LACKNER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_2","first-page":"486","article-title":"The anticardiolipin syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Hughes G.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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