{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:09:00Z","timestamp":1792804140198,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,8]],"date-time":"2008-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and often devastating neurodegenerative disease affecting up to one million individuals in the United States alone. Multiple lines of evidence support mitochondrial dysfunction as a primary or secondary event in PD pathogenesis; a better understanding, therefore, of how mitochondrial function is altered <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in brain tissue in PD is a critical step toward developing potential PD biomarkers. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> study of mitochondrial metabolism in human subjects has previously been technically challenging. However, proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H and <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P MRS) are powerful noninvasive techniques that allow evaluation <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> of lactate, a marker of anaerobic glycolysis, and high energy phosphates, such as adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine, directly reflecting mitochondrial function. This article reviews previous <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H and <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P MRS studies in PD, which demonstrate metabolic abnormalities consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction, and then presents recent <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H MRS data revealing abnormally elevated lactate levels in PD subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1427.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T12:48:47Z","timestamp":1280407727000},"page":"206-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for <i>in Vivo<\/i> Assessment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1196","volume":"1147","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Henchcliffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dikoma C.","family":"Shungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangling","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaorui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Nirenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce G.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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