{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:28:40Z","timestamp":1778603320539,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,23]],"date-time":"2008-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1224720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug addiction in China began with the importation of Indian opium by the British in the 16th century and brought severe social and health problems. While drug abuse abated following the establishment of People's Republic of China, modernization and Westernization in the 1980s led to the reemergence of this problem. Drug abuse in China became epidemic, facilitating the spread of HIV\/AIDS. The Chinese government has made great efforts to address these problems, focusing both on treatments of drug addiction and on harm\u2010reduction programs. Although the new trends of drug addiction in China pose great public health challenges, these government interventions are likely to successfully stem the problem of drug abuse in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,11]],"date-time":"2009-08-11T12:00:36Z","timestamp":1249992036000},"page":"304-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Drug Addiction in China"],"prefix":"10.1196","volume":"1141","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Alcohol and Emerging Markets","author":"Shen Y.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","first-page":"123","article-title":"The transmission and influence of tobacco in China between Ming and Qing Dynasty","volume":"111","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Fuyang Teachers College (Social Science Edition)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-007-9225-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X73000292"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952997709002758"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2007.00633.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269702700105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002074380005529X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","unstructured":"Wallbank T.et al.1992.Civilizations Past and Present: 1815\u20131914. South and East Asia."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","unstructured":"Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs.2003.International Narcotics Control Strategy Report \u2013 2003: Southeast Asia and the Pacific."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","first-page":"38","article-title":"The anti\u2010opium campaign movement in the early 1950s","volume":"10","author":"Bai Y.","year":"2001","journal-title":"CPC History"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-100000228"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","volume-title":"International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture","author":"Xiao J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01036.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","first-page":"30","article-title":"History of tobacco","volume":"20","author":"Chen C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chin. Wild Plant Resour."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"The evolution of ancient China's taxes on tobacco","volume":"15","author":"Ao T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liaoning Taxation College J."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199101000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","unstructured":"China National Narcotics Control Commission.2002.Annual Report on Drug Control in China."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","unstructured":"National Narcotic Control Commission.2002.Annual Report on Drug Control in China."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00830.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Retrospective investigation of the epidemiology and characteristics of drug abuse in Shanghai","volume":"11","author":"Xue L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Depend."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Dependence & National Drug Abuse Surveillance Center.2003.Report of Drug Surveillance 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Dependence & National Drug Abuse Surveillance Center.2004.Report of Drug Surveillance 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","unstructured":"China National Narcotics Control Commission.2005.Annual Report on Drug Control in China."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"An analysis of the group characteristics of new\u2010type drugs abuse in Dehong prefecture","volume":"4","author":"Zhang H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Yunnan Police Officer Acad."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70180-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120512331325662"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-3-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000162360.11910.5a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(02)00267-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","article-title":"Psychoactive substance use and sexual behavior: A study and analysis","author":"Rawson R.","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Society of Addiction Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","unstructured":"China State Council AIDS Working Committee Office and UN Theme Group on HIV\/AIDS in China.2007.A Joint Assessment of HIV\/AIDS Prevention Treatment and Care in China."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089809062214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1990.tb136900.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e318156cc19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14659890009053065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","unstructured":"State Statistical Bureau.1998.China Statistical Yearbook."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","unstructured":"WHO.1999.Global Status Report on Alcohol pp.9\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","unstructured":"WHO.2001.A Summary of Global Status Reports on Alcohol."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.941014673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1995.tb02803.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"Collaborative epidemiological study on mental health disorders in 12 regions","volume":"19","author":"Collaborative Group","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chin. J. Neurol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Collaborative Group investigation on alcohol dependence and related problems","volume":"26","author":"Collaborative Group","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chin. J. Neurol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","first-page":"116","volume-title":"Surveys of Drinking Patterns and Problems in Seven Developing Countries","author":"Hao W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","first-page":"112","article-title":"Alcohol dependence in populations of four kinds of occupations in nine centres in China: Part 1. Methodology and prevalence","volume":"6","author":"Collaborative Research Group on Alcoholism and Related Problems","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mental Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","first-page":"116","article-title":"Alcohol dependence in populations of four kinds of occupations in nine centres in China: Part II. Psychological, physical and social damage in patients with alcohol dependence","volume":"6","author":"Collaborative Research Group on Alcoholism and Related Problems","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mental Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","unstructured":"WHO.2002.International Guide for Monitoring Alcohol Consumption and Related Harm pp.5\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Book review of the China Tobacco History","volume":"12","author":"Pan B.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Tab. Sini."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"The epidemiologic investigation of the smoking behavior among Chinese population in 2002","volume":"2004","author":"Yang G.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. Smoking Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7170.1411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530450073038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"A review on studies of smoking and coronary heart disease in China and Hong Kong","volume":"112","author":"He Y.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20616"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00433.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38834.522894.2F"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2000.079011947.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61378-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/2007.04.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_2","first-page":"60","article-title":"A survey of detoxification treatment styles for drug addicts in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces","volume":"13","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Depend."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_2","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Substance Abuse","author":"Kleber H.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_2","unstructured":"Drug Administration Bureau of Ministry of Health.1993.Guideline of Medications for Opiate Addiction."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"A clinical observation on detoxification of heroin dependence by oral administration of methadone","volume":"9","author":"Duan L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Abuse Prev. Treat."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_2","first-page":"448","article-title":"Evaluation on drug dependence of buprenorphine","volume":"24","author":"Liu Z.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_2","first-page":"280","article-title":"Detoxification treatment for heroin addicts by sublingual buprenorphine tablets","volume":"11","author":"Xu G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. Bull. Drug Depend."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Buprenorphine's use in the treatment of drug abuse in China","volume":"8","author":"Tang Y.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hong Kong J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Rapid detoxification of heroin addiction","volume":"26","author":"Jiang Z.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chin. J. NeuroPsychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92356-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(80)90323-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"A clinical trial on the anti\u2010opiate withdrawal efficacy of lofexidine versus clonidine","volume":"6","author":"Tang Y.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chin. Bull. Drug Depend."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03759.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00431.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_2","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Preparation of traditional Chinese herbs on addiction detoxification: recent progress","volume":"34","author":"Li L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_2","first-page":"131","article-title":"Recent progress of traditional Chinese herbs in opiate addiction detoxification on clinical and experimental studies","volume":"9","author":"Liang Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. Mag. Drug Abuse Prev. Treat."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90401-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"The effect of acupuncture on the acute withdrawal symptoms from rapid opiate detoxification","volume":"40","author":"Montazeri K.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(99)00010-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v13n03_07"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(02)02051-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(93)90019-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20030412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3727\/036012904815901452","article-title":"Managing acute withdrawal syndrome on patients with heroin and morphine addiction by acupuncture therapy","volume":"29","author":"Lu P.K.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acupunct. Electrother. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Psychotherapy for opiate addicts","volume":"43","author":"Woody G.","year":"1983","journal-title":"NIDA Res. Monogr."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Survey of a120 cases of relapse in drug abusers after three\u2010year rehabilitation","volume":"8","author":"Li C.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Depend."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_2","unstructured":"Wu Z.2004.Landmark Government Methadone Maintenance Program in Mainland China.15th International AIDS Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_2","unstructured":"Wu Z.2005.Methadone Maintenance Program in Mainland China: From Pilot to Scale\u2010up.International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990701876989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000086397"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/1087291041518256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_2","first-page":"185","article-title":"Campaign against drugs and control of IDU transmitted HIV\/AIDS in China","volume":"6","author":"Ma Y.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xing Bing Ai Zi Bing Fang Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_2","unstructured":"Jing J.&Y.Zhang.2002.HIV\/AIDS and China's ethnic groups. Workshop on Changing Health Needs and Reproductive Health Services."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_2","unstructured":"China State Council AIDS Working Committee Office and UN Theme Group on HIV\/AIDS in China.2004.A Joint Assessment of HIV\/AIDS Prevention Treatment and Care in China."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_2","first-page":"305","article-title":"[Evaluation of a pilot study on needle and syringe exchange program among injecting drug users in a community in Guangdong, China]","volume":"38","author":"Lin P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_2","unstructured":"State Council of P.R. China.2006.China's Action Plan for Reducing and Preventing the Spread of HIV\/AIDS."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_2","unstructured":"Daytop Prevention and Recovery Center for Drug Dependency.2003.The Rainbow Community Care Center."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_2","unstructured":"China UN Theme Group on HIV\/AIDS for the UN Country Team in China.2001.HIV\/AIDS: China's titanic peril (2001 Update of the AIDS situation and needs assessment report)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074479"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_2","unstructured":"China National Narcotics Control Commission.2007.Annual report on drug control in China."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2005.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_2","unstructured":"Lintzeris N.et al.2006.National Clinical Guidelines and Procedures for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Dependence."}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1441.025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1196\/annals.1441.025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T15:05:05Z","timestamp":1695654305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1196\/annals.1441.025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1196\/annals.1441.025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1441.025","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}}}