{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:14:18Z","timestamp":1790421258179,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]],"date-time":"2008-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":850,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> <jats:italic>\n            <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:italic> To examine the patterns of antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) in acute care settings.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>\n            <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:italic> Chart reviews were performed retrospectively on a random sample of adult ARI visits to seven Veterans Affairs (VA) and seven non\u2010VA emergency departments (EDs) for the period of November 2003 to February 2004. Visits were limited to those discharged to home and those with primary diagnoses of antibiotic\u2010responsive (pneumonia, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis) and antibiotic\u2010nonresponsive conditions (acute bronchitis, nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection [URI]). Results are expressed as adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>\n            <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:italic> Of 2,270 ARI visits, 62% were for antibiotic\u2010nonresponsive diagnoses. Seventy\u2010two percent of acute bronchitis and 38% of URI visits were treated with antibiotics (p &lt; 0.001). Stratified analyses show that antibiotic prescription rates were similar among attending\u2010only and housestaff\u2010associated visits for antibiotic\u2010responsive diagnoses (p = 0.11), and acute bronchitis (76% vs. 59%; p = 0.31). However, the antibiotic prescription rate for URIs was greater for attending\u2010only visits compared with housestaff\u2010associated visits (48% vs. 15%; p = 0.01). Antibiotic prescription rates for total ARIs varied between sites, ranging from 42% to 89%. Patient age, gender, race and ethnicity, smoking status, comorbidities, and clinical setting (VA vs. non\u2010VA) were not independently associated with antibiotic prescribing.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>\n            <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:italic> Acute care settings are important targets for reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. The mechanisms accounting for lower antibiotic prescription rates observed with housestaff\u2010associated visits merit further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2005.10.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,2]],"date-time":"2006-03-02T23:23:32Z","timestamp":1141341812000},"page":"288-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infections in Acute Care Settings"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ralph","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Carlos A.","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayanna S.","family":"Kersey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Maselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara K.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Metlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.257.5073.1050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.2.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313716"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502522"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375081"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.275.3.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Institute of Medicine Microbial threats to health: emergence, detection, and response.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-6-200103200-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2000.109341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00167-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08597-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-6-200103200-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-6-200103200-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.49.577.763"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.49.577.778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Antibiotics for the common cold (Cochrane Review). 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