{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:17:15Z","timestamp":1767176235127,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]],"date-time":"2008-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":697,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Approximately 16,000 children are transported by ambulances each day, and there are an estimated 4,500 ambulance crashes each year. Information about emergency medical services (EMS) provider knowledge, opinions, and behaviors regarding occupant restraint is lacking.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    To measure the knowledge, opinions, and behaviors of EMS personnel regarding child and provider restraint use in ambulances.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    A survey was given to all EMS providers in two large ambulance\u2010service organizations and in a hospital\u2010based pediatric ambulance service in a midsized urban area.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    A total of 302 EMS providers were surveyed, for a return rate of 67.7%. Nearly half were involved in an ambulance crash at least once; of those, 7.6% were injured and 1% had patients in their care injured. The majority (91%) reported some training in child\u2010restraint use in ambulances, and half reported that they know a lot or very much about securing a critically ill child for transport. However, 30% did not identify the correct method of transport for a stable 2\u2010year\u2010old, and 40% did not choose the correct method of securing a child seat to the ambulance cot. Securing a child seat to the cot was viewed by 81% to not take too much time from patient care, and 63% did not view caring for a child in a car seat as difficult. Although 80% of providers regularly transported children in a car seat, 23% transported them on an adult's lap at least sometimes. Specialized pediatric\u2010transport providers were more likely to report safe pediatric and occupant restraint practices than were community EMS providers. Pediatric restraint behaviors were not associated with years of service or history of a crash. Two thirds of respondents reported not wearing their seatbelt on the squad bench while treating patients, and half believe that wearing a seatbelt interferes with patient care. A total of 95% report wearing seatbelts in the front seat of the ambulance. Provider seatbelt use in the patient compartment was not associated with years of service, with number of crashes, or with reporting correct use of pediatric restraints.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    This study indicates that the frequency of crashes in ambulances, and therefore the potential for injury, may be underappreciated. Current restraint practices of some of the study group are outside recommendations and may be placing at risk some children who are being transported by ambulances. This problem is complicated by the relative infrequency of pediatric ambulance transports compared with adults. Improved equipment and education may help providers safely transport pediatric patients. In addition, providers are risking their own safety by not wearing seatbelts in the rear ambulance compartment. Improved equipment may help alleviate this risk and allow providers to take care of patients safely.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2006.03.562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,6]],"date-time":"2006-07-06T20:55:08Z","timestamp":1152219308000},"page":"886-892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Child and Provider Restraints in Ambulances: Knowledge, Opinions, and Behaviors of Emergency Medical Services Providers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Denise","family":"Dowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The Dos and Don'ts of Transporting Children in an Ambulance. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Available at:http:www.ems\u2010c.org. Accessed Oct 15 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199806000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Ambulance crash\u2010related injuries among emergency medical services workers\u2014United States, 1991\u20132002.","volume":"52","author":"Proudfoot SL","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Protecting Children\u2014A Guide to Child Traffic Safety Laws [white paper].","author":"Savage MA","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"BullMJ.Crashworthiness of the ambulance environment for infant and child occupant protection.In:American Academy of Automotive Medicine 42nd Annual Proceedings.1998;420\u20131."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles","author":"Levick N","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LevickN YannacconeJ.Biomechanics of the Patient Compartment of Ambulance Vehicles Under Crash Conditions: Testing Countermeasures to Mitigate Injury. SAE Technical Paper Series 2001\u201001\u20101173.In:Society for Automotive Engineers 2001 World Congress 2001.","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-01-1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"BullMJ.Crash protection for children in ambulances.In:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 45th Annual Proceedings.2001:353\u201367."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. About EMS\u2010C. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Available at:http:www.ems\u2010c.org. Accessed Feb 15 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(93)90009-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2001.20001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. 2000 Census Data. 2003 Population Estimates of Five County Areas\u2014Jackson MO; Platte MO; Clay MO; Wyandotte KS; Johnson KS. Available at:http:factfinder.census.gov. Accessed Apr 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"GlassbrennerD.Child Restraint Use in 2004\u2014Overall Results. Research Note NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis February 2005. Available at:http:www\u2010nrd.nhtsa.dot.govpdfnrd\u201030NCSARNotes2005809845.pdf. Accessed Mar 18 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00102-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120190939751"}],"container-title":["Academic Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1197%2Fj.aem.2006.03.562","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1197\/j.aem.2006.03.562","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T19:36:57Z","timestamp":1696621017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1197\/j.aem.2006.03.562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":15,"aliases":["10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2006.tb01744.x"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1197\/j.aem.2006.03.562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1197\/j.aem.2006.03.562","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-6563","1553-2712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-6563","type":"print"},{"value":"1553-2712","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-06-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}