{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:38:44Z","timestamp":1790977124753,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]],"date-time":"2008-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":605,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In response to concerns about possible bioterrorism, the authors developed an individual\u2010based (or \u201cagent\u2010based\u201d) computational model of smallpox epidemic transmission and control. The model explicitly represents an \u201cartificial society\u201d of individual human beings, each implemented as a distinct object, or data structure in a computer program. These agents interact locally with one another in code\u2010represented social units such as homes, workplaces, schools, and hospitals. Over many iterations, these microinteractions generate large\u2010scale macroscopic phenomena of fundamental interest such as the course of an epidemic in space and time. Model variables (incubation periods, clinical disease expression, contagiousness, and physical mobility) were assigned following realistic values agreed on by an advisory group of experts on smallpox. Eight response scenarios were evaluated at two epidemic scales, one being an introduction of ten smallpox cases into a 6,000\u2010person town and the other an introduction of 500 smallpox cases into a 50,000\u2010person town. The modeling exercise showed that contact tracing and vaccination of household, workplace, and school contacts, along with prompt reactive vaccination of hospital workers and isolation of diagnosed cases, could contain smallpox at both epidemic scales examined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2006.07.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,3]],"date-time":"2006-11-03T20:33:38Z","timestamp":1162586018000},"page":"1142-1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Individual\u2010based Computational Modeling of Smallpox Epidemic Control Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Donald S.","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek A.T.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon I.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth C.","family":"Cline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh M.","family":"Singa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubha","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","article-title":"Containing a large bioterrorist smallpox attack: a computer simulation approach","author":"Longini IM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092078899"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0526(199905\/06)4:5<41::AID-CPLX9>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Toward a Containment Strategy for Smallpox Bioterror: An Individual\u2010Based Computational Approach","author":"Epstein J","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"United States Census. 2000 summary file. Available at:http:www.census.govcensus2000statesus.html. Accessed Dec 5 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/125.2.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","article-title":"Smallpox and its eradication","author":"Fenner F","year":"1988","journal-title":"Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307506101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines (version 3.0). Available at:http:www.bt.cdc.govagentssmallpoxresponse\u2010plan. Accessed Dec 5 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/40.1-2.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"The outcome of a stochastic epidemic","volume":"42","author":"Whittle P","year":"1955","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02007"}],"container-title":["Academic Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1197%2Fj.aem.2006.07.017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1197\/j.aem.2006.07.017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T15:06:53Z","timestamp":1700060813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1197\/j.aem.2006.07.017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1197\/j.aem.2006.07.017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1197\/j.aem.2006.07.017","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-6563","1553-2712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-6563","type":"print"},{"value":"1553-2712","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-06-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}