{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:25:51Z","timestamp":1790141151782,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hand Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,20]],"date-time":"2008-04-20T23:22:18Z","timestamp":1208733738000},"page":"259-269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Pathomechanics of Peripheral Nerve Loading"],"prefix":"10.1197","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Keir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Rempel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.7.615","article-title":"The nerve lesion in the carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Sunderland","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197557070-00011","article-title":"Structure and function of the intraneural microvessels as related to trauma, edema formation, and nerve function","volume":"57","author":"Lundborg","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00303-6","article-title":"Anatomy, function, and pathophysiology of peripheral nerves and nerve compression","volume":"12","author":"Lundborg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib4","first-page":"433","article-title":"Anatomical changes in peripheral nerves compressed by a pneumatic tourniquet","volume":"113","author":"Ochoa","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/02844317709025516","article-title":"Permeability of intraneural microvessels and perineurium following acute, graded experimental nerve compression","volume":"11","author":"Rydevik","year":"1977","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(81)80003-2","article-title":"Effects of graded compression on intraneural blood flow. An in vivo study on rabbit tibial nerve","volume":"6","author":"Rydevik","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100110608","article-title":"Response of peripheral nerve to cyclic compression in a laboratory rat model","volume":"11","author":"Szabo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(82)80175-5","article-title":"Median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel- Functional response to experimentally induced controlled pressure","volume":"7","author":"Lundborg","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365050-00008","article-title":"Sensibility testing in peripheral-nerve compression syndromes. An experimental study in humans","volume":"65","author":"Gelberman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198309000-00039","article-title":"Tissue pressure threshold for peripheral nerve viability","volume":"178","author":"Gelberman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.46.12.1119","article-title":"Nerve compression injury and increased endoneurial fluid pressure: a \u201cminiature compartment syndrome\u201d","volume":"46","author":"Lundborg","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9828","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9828","article-title":"Structural alterations of nerve during cuff compression","volume":"87","author":"Dyck","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(87)90303-7","article-title":"Morphologic changes in nerve cell bodies induced by experimental graded compression","volume":"95","author":"Dahlin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(93)90206-U","article-title":"Axonal transport and morphological changes following nerve compression. An experimental study in the rabbit vagus nerve","volume":"18","author":"Dahlin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/02844319209035181","article-title":"Conditional effect induced by chronic nerve compression. An experimental study of the sciatic and tibial nerves of rats","volume":"26","author":"Dahlin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679308993673","article-title":"Acute nerve compression at low pressures has a conditioning lesion effect on rat sciatic nerves","volume":"64","author":"Dahlin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(90)90040-B","article-title":"The neurone and its response to peripheral nerve compression","volume":"15","author":"Dahlin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00077-1","article-title":"Fixed-diameter polyethylene cuffs applied to the rat sciatic nerve induce a painful neuropathy: ultrastructural morphometric analysis of axonal alterations","volume":"64","author":"Mosconi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199705010-00003","article-title":"A model for chronic nerve root compression studies. Presentation of a porcine model for controlled, slow-onset compression with analyses of anatomic aspects, compression onset rate, and morphologic and neurophysiologic effects","volume":"22","author":"Cornefjord","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199506000-00002","article-title":"Intermittent cauda equina compression. An experimental study of the porcine cauda equina with analyses of nerve impulse conduction properties","volume":"20","author":"Konno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198408000-00004","article-title":"Chronic nerve compression: an experimental model in the rat","volume":"13","author":"Mackinnon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib22","first-page":"35","article-title":"The connective tissue of peripheral nerve: an electron microscope study","volume":"97","author":"Thomas","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1986.tb00159.x","article-title":"Chronic human nerve compression: a histological assessment","volume":"12","author":"Mackinnon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuropath Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(86)90035-5","article-title":"The micropathology of the typical carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Faithfull","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib25","first-page":"22","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1965","journal-title":"Minn Med"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.10065","article-title":"Biochemical evaluation of serum and flexor tenosynovium in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Freeland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(91)90208-S","article-title":"Synovial histology in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Fuchs","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(09)91053-X","article-title":"An analysis of the flexor synovium in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: report of 625 cases","volume":"17","author":"Kerr","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(87)90020-9","article-title":"Pathology of the flexor tendon sheath in spontaneous carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Neal","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(90)90070-8","article-title":"Idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: histologic study of flexor tendon synovium","volume":"15","author":"Schuind","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib31","first-page":"197","article-title":"Some histological changes in the carpal tunnel contents and their biomechanical implications","volume":"26","author":"Armstrong","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503322144590","article-title":"Median nerve trauma in a rat model of work-related musculoskeletal disorder","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.5.244","article-title":"Performance of a high-repetition, high-force task induces carpal tunnel syndrome in rats","volume":"34","author":"Clark","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(90)90121-7","article-title":"Vibration exposure and peripheral nerfve fiber damage","volume":"15","author":"Lundborg","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.2.130","article-title":"Vibration induced neurophysiological and electron microscopical changes in rat peripheral nerves","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.5.307","article-title":"Structural nerve changes at wrist level in workers exposed to vibration","volume":"54","author":"Str\u00f6mberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.6.566","article-title":"Longitudinal sliding of the median nerve during movements of the upper limb","volume":"39","author":"McLellan","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(92)90092-G","article-title":"Transverse sliding of the median nerve beneath the flexor retinaculum","volume":"17","author":"Nakamichi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(94)90087-6","article-title":"Median nerve displacement through the carpal canal","volume":"19","author":"Szabo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199612000-00013","article-title":"Excursion and strain of the median nerve","volume":"78","author":"Wright","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(05)80153-6","article-title":"Restricted motion of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Nakamichi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02958-X","article-title":"Reduced movement of median nerve in carpal tunnel during wrist flexion in patients with non-specific arm pain","volume":"354","author":"Greening","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880180713","article-title":"Limited longitudinal sliding of the median nerve in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9","year":"1995","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.24142","article-title":"The implication of repeated versus continuous strain on nerve function in a rat forelimb model","volume":"26","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.55B2.390","article-title":"Effects of stretching the tibial nerve of the rabbit. A preliminary study of the intraneural circulation and the barrier function of the perineurium","volume":"55","author":"Lundborg","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib46","first-page":"803","article-title":"\u201cTethered\u201d median nerve stress test in chronic carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"67","author":"LaBan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.72B3.2187880","article-title":"Pressures in the carpal tunnel. A comparison between patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and normal subjects","volume":"72","author":"Rojviroj","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(47)90093-7","article-title":"Spontaneous compression of both median nerves in the carpal tunnel. Six cases treated surgically","volume":"1","author":"Brain","year":"1947","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163030-00009","article-title":"The carpal tunnel syndrome: A study of carpal canal pressures","volume":"63","author":"Gelberman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971050-00006","article-title":"Measurement of pressure in the carpal canal before and after endoscopic management of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Okutsu","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80443-5","article-title":"In vivo measurement of carpal tunnel pressure in the functioning hand","volume":"20","author":"Seradge","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90178-0","article-title":"Stress carpal tunnel pressures in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and normal patients","volume":"14","author":"Szabo","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80442-3","article-title":"Evaluation of carpal canal pressure in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Hamanaka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199511000-00008","article-title":"Position of the wrist associated with the lowest carpal-tunnel pressure: Implications for splint design","volume":"77","author":"Weiss","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(97)80119-0","article-title":"The effects of tendon load and posture on carpal tunnel pressure","volume":"22","author":"Keir","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80007-5","article-title":"Effects of finger posture on carpal tunnel pressure during wrist motion","volume":"23","author":"Keir","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib57","unstructured":"Keir PJ, Bach JM, Engstrom JW, Rempel DM. Carpal tunnel pressure: effects of wrist flexion\/extension. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia, October 17-19, 1996, pp 169\u201370."},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(96)00044-7","article-title":"Intracarpal canal pressures: the role of finger, hand, wrist and forearm position","volume":"12","author":"Werner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80086-5","article-title":"Effects of forearm pronation\/supination on carpal tunnel pressure","volume":"23","author":"Rempel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(98)80009-0","article-title":"correlation of segmental carpal tunnel pressures with changes in hand and wrist positions in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and controls","volume":"23","author":"Luchetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(94)90231-3","article-title":"The effect of wearing a flexible wrist splint on carpal tunnel pressure during repetitive hand activity","volume":"19","author":"Rempel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678909149305","article-title":"Carpal tunnel pressure","volume":"60","author":"Luchetti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150315","article-title":"The effects of static fingertip loading on carpal tunnel pressure","volume":"15","author":"Rempel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160119","article-title":"Fingertip loading and carpal tunnel pressure: differences between a pinching and pressing task","volume":"16","author":"Keir","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700110310","article-title":"Occupational factors and carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Silverstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.614","article-title":"Upper-limb disorders in repetitive work","volume":"27","author":"Leclerc","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195941040-00007","article-title":"The carpal-tunnel syndrome. A clinical and anatomical study","volume":"41","author":"Tanzer","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib68","first-page":"379","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: contribution of flexor tendons","volume":"58","author":"Smith","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90045-9","article-title":"Some biomechanical aspects of the carpal tunnel","volume":"12","author":"Armstrong","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00012-1","article-title":"Changes in geometry of the finger flexor tendons in the carpal tunnel with wrist posture and tendon load: An MRI study on normal wrists","volume":"14","author":"Keir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130113","article-title":"Method for the measurement of friction between tendon and pulley","volume":"13","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199702000-00009","article-title":"Gliding resistance of extrasynovial an dintrasynovial tendons through the A2 pulley","volume":"79","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199702000-00008","article-title":"Boundary Lubrication between the Tendon and the Pulley in the Finger","volume":"79","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6227.1297","article-title":"Idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome caused by carpal stenosis","volume":"280","author":"Dekel","year":"1980","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00361053","article-title":"High-resolution computed tomography of the wrist in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Merhar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199212000-00027","article-title":"Carpal canal stenosis in men with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"285","author":"Papaioannou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880130313","article-title":"Carpal tunnel area as a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Winn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(90)90019-N","article-title":"Carpal tunnel changes and median nerve compression during wrist flexion and extension seen by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"15","author":"Skie","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(93)90018-B","article-title":"Changes in carpal tunnel shape during wrist joint motion. MRI evaluation of normal volunteers","volume":"18","author":"Yoshioka","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(96)80307-8","article-title":"Changes in the carpal tunnel due to action of the flexor tendons: Visualization with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"21","author":"Ham","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90454-W","article-title":"Establishment of carpal contents \/ canal ratio by means of magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"17","author":"Cobb","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196345050-00005","article-title":"Anatomical study of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel and etiologies of the carpal-tunnel syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Robbins","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2 Pt 2","key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(87)80246-0","article-title":"Medical surveillance for carpal tunnel syndrome in workers","volume":"12","author":"Bleecker","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(97)80120-7","article-title":"Assessment of the ratio of carpal contents to carpal tunnel volume in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a preliminary report","volume":"22","author":"Cobb","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib85","unstructured":"Bower JA. An MRI evaluation of carpal tunnel dimensions in healthy wrists: Implications for carpal tunnel syndrome [master's thesis]. School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 2004."},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199707000-00016","article-title":"Median nerve compression can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging of the carpal tunnel","volume":"41","author":"Horch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(96)01038-8","article-title":"MR imaging of the carpal tunnel","volume":"25","author":"Allmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(87)80054-0","article-title":"Carpal tunnel volume determination by magnetic resonance imaging three-dimensional reconstruction","volume":"12","author":"Richman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.282","article-title":"Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and the electrophysiology of the carpal tunnel region in floor cleaners","volume":"22","author":"Pierre-Jerome","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01627731","article-title":"Quantitative MRI analysis of anatomic dimensions of the carpal tunnel in women","volume":"19","author":"Pierre-Jerome","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397187937","article-title":"Quantitative MRI and electrophysiology of preoperative carpal tunnel syndrome in a female population","volume":"40","author":"Pierre-Jerome","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197355080-00019","article-title":"Anomalous median nerve and an anomalous muscle belly of the first lumbrical associated with carpal-tunnel syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Schultz","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0899-7071(95)00013-5","article-title":"MR demonstration of anomalous muscles about the volar aspect of the wrist and forearm","volume":"20","author":"Zeiss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(94)90206-2","article-title":"Lumbrical muscle incursion into the carpal tunnel during finger flexion","volume":"19","author":"Cobb","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80005-X","article-title":"Effect of lumbrical muscle incursion within the carpal tunnel on carpal tunnel pressure: A cadaveric study","volume":"20","author":"Cobb","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(94)90207-0","article-title":"A study of the dynamic relationship of the lumbrical muscles and the carpal tunnel","volume":"19","author":"Yii","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00092-3","article-title":"Flexor muscle incursion into the carpal tunnel: a mechanism for increased carpal tunnel pressure?","volume":"15","author":"Keir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80085-3","article-title":"The prevalence of flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscle bellies beyond the proximal limit of the carpal tunnel: A cadaveric study","volume":"23","author":"Holtzhausen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Am]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(83)90074-X","article-title":"Tendon excursion and moment arm of index finger muscles","volume":"16","author":"An","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(78)90004-0","article-title":"An investigation of the relationship between displacements of the finger and wrist joints and the extrinsic finger flexor tendons","volume":"11","author":"Armstrong","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/0899-7071(94)00036-C","article-title":"MR demonstration of an anomalous muscle in a patient with coexistent carpal and ulnar tunnel syndrome. Case report and literature summary","volume":"19","author":"Zeiss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880131211","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: Correlations between pressure measurement and intraoperative electrophysiological nerve study","volume":"13","author":"Luchetti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(88)90164-7","article-title":"The possible role of vascular congestion in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Thurston","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678308996576","article-title":"Pressure and nerve lesion in the carpal tunnel","volume":"54","author":"Werner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.11.1597","article-title":"MR Nerve Imaging in a prospective cohort of patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Jarvik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.172.6.10350293","article-title":"Quantitative MR imaging of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"172","author":"Monagle","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.11.1599","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: role of carpal canal size","volume":"35","author":"Bleecker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hand Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0894113005000414?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0894113005000414?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T21:20:35Z","timestamp":1684358435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0894113005000414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0894113005000414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1197\/j.jht.2005.02.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-1130"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-1130","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}}}