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Also, traditional gender roles expose women to specific environmental hazards, as they are often expected to perform domestic tasks and thus are more likely to be indoors and exposed to second-hand smoke, air pollution from cooking fuels, and radon. In addition, occupational hazards such as formaldehyde, particularly in hairdressing, disproportionately affect women. This narrative review highlights the disparities associated with LC and female sex in Brazil, and calls for more research on these overlooked risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/go-25-00522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:59:11Z","timestamp":1774555151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lung Cancer in Women in Brazil: Incidence, Trends, and Overlooked Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6107-5098","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eldsamira","family":"Mascarenhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOR-BA, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4760-6339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cinthya","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PGPCT\/FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9414-3685","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofia","family":"Vidaurre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOR-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2981-1419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ellen","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da FMUSP, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Greggianin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6199-4331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lilian","family":"Faroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOR-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3807-5780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tercia","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOR-BA, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5939-8071","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana Caroline","family":"Gelatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PUC-RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9539-3094","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Baldotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDOR-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"233","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","volume-title":"Lung Cancer","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO: Lung Cancer, 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/lung-cancer"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103033"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.4415"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-017-2547-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","unstructured":"Ritchie H: Who smokes more men or women? 2019. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/who-smokes-more-men-or-women"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2024058005704"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","first-page":"e","article-title":"Estimativa de Incid\u00eancia de C\u00e2ncer no Brasil, 2023-2025","volume":"69","author":"de Oliveira Santos M","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Oliveira Santos M, da Silva de Lima FC, Martins LFL, et al: Estimativa de Incid\u00eancia de C\u00e2ncer no Brasil, 2023-2025. 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