{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:51:50Z","timestamp":1790985110178,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["ascopubs.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCO Glob Oncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>PURPOSE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Beliefs on causes of cancer, although sometimes aligned with known risk factors, may be influenced by personal experiences, cultural narratives, and misinformation. We investigated the prevalence of beliefs on causes of cancer and their association with cancer risk perception and lifestyle in a multiethnic Asian population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In total, 2,008 Malaysian adults with no previous cancer were surveyed using a 42-item questionnaire adapted from the Awareness Measure and the Cancer Awareness Measure\u2013Mythical Causes Scale. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to evaluate measurement models.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Despite high educational attainment, only about half of the respondents believed that 7 of the 21 listed established risk factors caused cancer. Factors associated with accurate beliefs included higher socioeconomic status (SES) and having family or friends with cancer. However, 14 of the 21 listed mythical\/unproven factors were correctly believed as not cancer-causing by the majority. Women and those with lower SES were more likely to hold misconceptions. Beliefs on established risk factors were significantly associated with perceived risk of cancer. Individuals with stronger beliefs in established risk factors were less likely to be associated with healthy behaviors. Conversely, stronger beliefs in mythical or unproven factors were more likely to be associated with healthy lifestyles.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Findings highlight the importance of prioritizing cancer literacy as a key action area in national cancer control plans. The counterintuitive associations between cancer beliefs and lifestyle emphasize the complexity of this relationship, necessitating nuanced approaches to promote cancer literacy and preventive behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/go.24.00129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T21:00:05Z","timestamp":1731013205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Beliefs on Causes of Cancer in the General Population, and the Association With Risk Perception and Lifestyle in a Multiethnic Setting"],"prefix":"10.1200","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1775-539X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nur-Nadiatul-Asyikin","family":"Bujang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Ministry of Health Malaysia, Presint 3, WP Putrajaya, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7085-8211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yek-Ching","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-5684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Danaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1586-8529","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Murallitharan","family":"Munisamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Society Malaysia (NCSM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjit","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Cancer Welfare Association (BCWA), Bangunan Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8392-8036","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harenthri Devy Alagir","family":"Rajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hariharan","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shridevi","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Research, National Institute of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7669-7504","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly Lai Ming","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Radiosurgery Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ros Suzanna","family":"Bustamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6507-9675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheng-Har","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Radiosurgery Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0568-8863","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nirmala","family":"Bhoo Pathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"233","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today: Malaysia. 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