{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T11:49:37Z","timestamp":1794052177097,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["ascopubs.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide guidance on the clinical management of dyspnea in adult patients with advanced cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ASCO convened an Expert Panel to review the evidence and formulate recommendations. An Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) systematic review provided the evidence base for nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions to alleviate dyspnea. The review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies with a concurrent comparison group published through early May 2020. The ASCO Expert Panel also wished to address dyspnea assessment, management of underlying conditions, and palliative care referrals, and for these questions, an additional systematic review identified RCTs, systematic reviews, and guidelines published through July 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The AHRQ systematic review included 48 RCTs and two retrospective cohort studies. Lung cancer and mesothelioma were the most commonly addressed types of cancer. Nonpharmacologic interventions such as fans provided some relief from breathlessness. Support for pharmacologic interventions was limited. A meta-analysis of specialty breathlessness services reported improvements in distress because of dyspnea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RECOMMENDATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A hierarchical approach to dyspnea management is recommended, beginning with dyspnea assessment, ascertainment and management of potentially reversible causes, and referral to an interdisciplinary palliative care team. Nonpharmacologic interventions that may be offered to relieve dyspnea include airflow interventions (eg, a fan directed at the cheek), standard supplemental oxygen for patients with hypoxemia, and other psychoeducational, self-management, or complementary approaches. For patients who derive inadequate relief from nonpharmacologic interventions, systemic opioids should be offered. Other pharmacologic interventions, such as corticosteroids and benzodiazepines, are also discussed. Additional information is available at www.asco.org\/supportive-care-guidelines .<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.20.03465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T15:59:33Z","timestamp":1614009573000},"page":"1389-1411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Management of Dyspnea in Advanced Cancer: ASCO Guideline"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2733-6607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1529-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kari","family":"Bohlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4437-2597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby C.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Coyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1988-1250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Currow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0875-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjun","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliza L.","family":"Leiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers RWJ Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5489-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masanori","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3173-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn F.","family":"Reinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Roeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Seigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient\/family representative, Brookline, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Declan","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4517-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret L.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"233","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2042ST"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.06.007"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.30.7173"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.09.003"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2017.0265"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.09.017"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.08.7874"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2008.0158"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909108327588"},{"key":"b10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.09.021"},{"key":"b11","volume-title":"Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 232, AHRQ Publication No. 21-EHC024, PCORI Publication No. 2020-SR-01","author":"Dy SM","year":"2020"},{"key":"b12","author":"Gupta A","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.07.006"},{"key":"b14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000172"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.07.003"},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-211589"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216307076398"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.10.014"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2020-001038"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.5.8630595"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.04.080"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91880-U"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1191\/0269216303pm826oa","volume":"17","author":"Bruera E","year":"2003","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.04.024"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026921639601000405"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx205"},{"key":"b27","first-page":"49","volume":"26","author":"Do\u011fan N","year":"2020","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0194-2"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-013-1925-1"},{"key":"b30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2012.10.284"},{"key":"b31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-012-1452-5"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.07.001"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29899"},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1188\/07.ONF.313-321"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2511-x"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7373.1145"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.06.021"},{"key":"b38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000386"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70009-3"},{"key":"b40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.06.009"},{"key":"b41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00254"},{"key":"b42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000410"},{"key":"b43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1708112"},{"key":"b44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-017-3579-x"},{"key":"b45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-684X-4-5"},{"key":"b46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909115615127"},{"key":"b47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1188\/12.ONF.568-577"},{"key":"b48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2810-x"},{"key":"b49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-05116-1"},{"key":"b50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(98)00157-2"},{"key":"b51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-9-199311010-00007"},{"key":"b52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.08.016"},{"key":"b53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.08.016"},{"key":"b54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2013.0168"},{"key":"b55","first-page":"3069","volume":"24","author":"Hardy J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"b56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.06.024"},{"key":"b57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.001"},{"key":"b58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.023"},{"key":"b59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2016.05.013"},{"key":"b60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.03.017"},{"key":"b61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.10.003"},{"key":"b62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.06.009"},{"key":"b63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2903-6"},{"key":"b64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909113513063"},{"key":"b65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2016.05.023"},{"key":"b66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3651-x"},{"key":"b67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20018525.2020.1731277"},{"key":"b68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.03.078"},{"key":"b69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2012.0364"},{"key":"b70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2048-7940.1989.tb01129.x"},{"key":"b71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc1998.7.3.200"},{"key":"b72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02089-2015"},{"key":"b73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216309356380"},{"key":"b74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/082585979100700202"},{"key":"b75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2016.10.370"},{"key":"b76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.580"},{"key":"b77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29970"},{"key":"b78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.10.492"},{"key":"b79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2009.0082"},{"key":"b80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2007.0090"},{"key":"b81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2016.06.008"},{"key":"b82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2009.0229"},{"key":"b83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216314564238"},{"key":"b84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.10.506"},{"key":"b85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.11.019"},{"key":"b86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.013"},{"key":"b87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.166.1.at1102"},{"key":"b88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.2.146"},{"key":"b89","first-page":"CD010529","volume":"5","author":"Clive AO","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"b90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000152832"},{"key":"b91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.05.8073"},{"key":"b92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-14-14"},{"key":"b93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S168048"},{"key":"b94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S101183"},{"key":"b95","first-page":"e298","volume":"134","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"b96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0625ST"},{"key":"b97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2016.06.007"},{"key":"b98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70226-7"},{"key":"b99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1000678"},{"key":"b100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62416-2"},{"key":"b101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21490"},{"key":"b102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.1474"},{"key":"b103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30577-0"},{"key":"b104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2020.04.701"},{"key":"b105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02123"},{"key":"b106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32738"},{"key":"b107","first-page":"CD005623","volume":"2","author":"Bausewein C","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"b108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.09.024"},{"key":"b109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00262-2017"},{"key":"b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2018-001749","volume":"9","author":"Barnes-Harris M","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"b111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216319835393"},{"key":"b112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13323"},{"key":"b113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2012.02.012"},{"key":"b114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61115-4"},{"key":"b115","first-page":"CD006429","volume":"6","author":"Uronis H","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"b116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.04.007"},{"key":"b117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2017.1315715"},{"key":"b118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000256725.73993.74"},{"key":"b119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2014.0010"},{"key":"b120","first-page":"CD008250","volume":"10","author":"Holland AE","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"b121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.01.009"},{"key":"b122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e3283460c93"},{"key":"b123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7188.901"},{"key":"b124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.09.010"},{"key":"b125","first-page":"CD003793","volume":"2","author":"McCarthy B","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"b126","first-page":"CD011008","volume":"3","author":"Barnes H","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"b127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209868"},{"key":"b128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2020.07.021"},{"key":"b129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2013.0522"},{"key":"b130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2014.1136"},{"key":"b131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000509"},{"key":"b132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.11.021"},{"key":"b133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2018.01.003"},{"key":"b134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.5206"},{"key":"b135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01153-2017"},{"key":"b136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(01)00391-8"},{"key":"b137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-05081-9"},{"key":"b138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g445"},{"key":"b139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464"},{"key":"b140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.44.4661"},{"key":"b141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00199-0"},{"key":"b142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-007-0305-0"},{"key":"b143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2011.0260"},{"key":"b144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3507-5"},{"key":"b145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.79.0006"},{"key":"b146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00189"},{"key":"b147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00370-2017"},{"key":"b148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01270-2018"},{"key":"b149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(92)71995-1"},{"key":"b150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2004.692"},{"key":"b151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/COPD-57596"},{"key":"b152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030425"},{"key":"b153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.4.975"},{"key":"b154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1985.tb02716.x"},{"key":"b155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(87)90163-X"},{"key":"b156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(02)00479-7"},{"key":"b157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.091538"},{"key":"b158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.37.3795"},{"key":"b159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00401-5"},{"key":"b160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.01.009"},{"key":"b161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.040"},{"key":"b162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.2311"},{"key":"b163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0453-x"},{"key":"b164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.29"},{"key":"b165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951503030499"},{"key":"b166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01477-2017"},{"key":"b167","volume-title":"SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2013","author":"Howlader N","year":"2016"},{"key":"b168","volume-title":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. Health Care: A Chartbook","author":"Mead H","year":"2008"},{"key":"b169","volume-title":"Cancer Facts & Figures for African Americans 2019-2021","author":"American Cancer Society","year":"2019"},{"key":"b170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.00642"},{"key":"b171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.63.2232"},{"key":"b172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12184"},{"key":"b173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.05.006"},{"key":"b174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.2518"},{"key":"b175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.6706"},{"key":"b176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.52.9123"},{"key":"b177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2011.000316"},{"key":"b178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.1183"},{"key":"b179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27854"},{"key":"b180","volume-title":"Understanding Advanced Cancer, Metastatic Cancer, and Bone Metastasis","author":"American Cancer Society"},{"key":"b181","volume-title":"Opioid Overdose: Guideline Overview","year":"2020"},{"key":"b182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02426-2016"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/pdfdirect\/10.1200\/JCO.20.03465","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T13:35:54Z","timestamp":1724506554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JCO.20.03465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1200\/JCO.20.03465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.20.03465","relation":{},"ISSN":["0732-183X","1527-7755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0732-183X","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-7755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}