{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T18:37:13Z","timestamp":1777574233426,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Purpose: To establish the clinical significance of calcium binding proteins S100A2 and S100A4 during progression of human prostate adenocarcinoma. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Patients and Methods: Expression pattern of S100A2 and S100A4 was determined in normal human prostate epithelial cells (NHPE); virally transformed prostate epithelial cells (PZ-HPV-7); several human prostate carcinoma cells (22Rv1, DU145, LNCaP, and PC3); tissue samples obtained during transuretheral prostatic resection from patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and adenocarcinoma; and paraffin-embedded sections from pair-matched benign and cancer specimens of different tumor grade. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results: High constitutive protein expression of S100A2 was observed in NHPE and PZ-HPV-7 cells, whereas its complete absence was observed in 22Rv1, DU145, LNCaP, and PC3 cells. Tissue samples of BPH and prostatitis exhibited higher mRNA and protein levels of S100A2 than low-grade cancer (Gleason score \u2264 6), whereas a complete loss was observed in high-grade cancer specimens (Gleason score &gt; 6). Immunohistochemical analysis further confirmed high levels of S100A2 in benign tissues and a progressive loss with increasing tumor grade. The protein level of S100A4 was significantly higher in all carcinoma cells compared with NHPE and PZ-HPV-7 cells. The mRNA and protein level of S100A4 was significantly higher in high-grade cancer specimens compared with BPH, prostatitis, and low-grade cancer. The high levels of S100A4 observed in cancer tissue correlated with increasing tumor grade. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusion: Loss of S100A2 and increased expression of S100A4 may be an important event during progression of prostate cancer in humans. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2003.03.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,28]],"date-time":"2002-12-28T17:57:17Z","timestamp":1041098237000},"page":"106-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Differential Expression of S100A2 and S100A4 During Progression of Human Prostate Adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and The Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH; Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tajamul","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and The Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH; Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory T.","family":"MacLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and The Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH; Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingfu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and The Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH; Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jigar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and The Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH; Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and The Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH; Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"233","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.3.219"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.20.1537"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.23.1874"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00616-6"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.23.1946"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.819500"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19961104)68:3<325::AID-IJC10>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heizmann CW: The multifunctional S100 protein family. 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