{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:00:15Z","timestamp":1765609215510},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Purpose: Breast cancer heterogeneity dictates lengthy follow-up to assess outcomes. Efficacy differences for three regimens that are based on adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF) are presented in this article, but cancer recurrence sites, time of relapse, subsequent primary cancers, and causes of death in the natural history of node-positive breast cancer are emphasized. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Patients and Methods: Beginning in 1975, 905 patients with node-positive cancer were randomly assigned to receive CMF or two regimens of CMF plus other agents. Median follow-up is 22.6 years. The natural-history analysis was performed on a subset of 814 patients. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results: Eighty percent of the 599 women known to have died, died of metastatic breast cancer. Only 8.5% of the deceased women died of a cause other than breast cancer, a second or third cancer, or adjuvant chemotherapy toxicity. One hundred five women (12.8%) developed other primary cancers, with 49 (46.6%) occurring in the contralateral breast. Therapeutic efficacy differences of the CMF regimens reported earlier have been maintained more than 20 years later. For certain subsets, the five-drug regimen had advantages over CMF. Bone was the most common recurrence site. The longest interval to relapse has been 23.5 years, and 18% of those who relapsed did so more than 10 years later. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusion: Despite adjuvant chemotherapy, a large majority (80%) of women with node-positive breast cancer die of the disease, and many recurrences develop more than 10 years later. CMF plus vincristine and prednisone provides a benefit compared with CMF, but the magnitude varies with the number of involved nodes. Outcome trends in earlier analyses of this study were maintained even years later. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2003.09.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,29]],"date-time":"2003-04-29T20:58:41Z","timestamp":1051649921000},"page":"1825-1835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Natural History of More Than 20 Years of Node-Positive Primary Breast Carcinoma Treated With Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, and Fluorouracil\u2013Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy: A Study by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Raymond B.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan H.","family":"Woolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Demakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald A.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Falkson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constance T.","family":"Cirrincione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Bothun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I. Craig","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical and Data Management Centers, Duke University, Durham, NC; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"233","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1989.7.3.355"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1983.1.2.138"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90997-H"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90997-H"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03301-7"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403243301201"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504063321401"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058976"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1997.15.7.2502"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Rivkin SE, Green S, Lew D, et al: Adjuvant CMFVP versus melphalan for operable breast cancer with positive axillary nodes: 23-year results of a Southwest Oncology Group study. 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