{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T05:53:17Z","timestamp":1762408397773},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"35","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the feasibility, toxicity, and immunologic effects of vaccination with autologous tumor cells retrovirally transduced with the GM-CSF gene, we performed a phase I\/II vaccination study in stage IV metastatic melanoma patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty-four patients were randomly assigned to receive three vaccinations of high-dose or low-dose tumor cells at 3-week intervals. Tumor cell vaccine preparation succeeded for 56 patients (88%), but because of progressive disease, the well-tolerated vaccination was completed in only 28 patients. We analyzed the priming of T cells against melanoma antigens, MART-1, tyrosinase, gp100, MAGE-A1, and MAGE-A3 using human leukocyte antigen\/peptide tetramers and functional assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high-dose vaccination induced the infiltration of T cells into the tumor tissue. Three of 14 patients receiving the high-dose vaccine showed an increase in MART-1\u2013 or gp100-specific T cells in the peripheral blood during vaccination. Six patients experienced disease-free survival for more than 5 years, and two of these patients developed vitiligo at multiple sites after vaccination. MART-1\u2013 and gp100-specific T cells were found infiltrating in vitiligo skin. Upon vaccination, the T cells acquired an effector phenotype and produced interferon-\u03b3 on specific antigenic stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that vaccination with GM-CSF\u2013transduced autologous tumor cells has limited toxicity and can enhance T-cell activation against melanocyte differentiation antigens, which can lead to vitiligo. Whether the induction of autoimmune vitiligo may prolong disease-free survival of metastatic melanoma patients who are surgically rendered as having no evidence of disease before vaccination is worthy of further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2005.01.6816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T01:34:07Z","timestamp":1130808847000},"page":"8978-8991","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Immunogenicity, Including Vitiligo, and Feasibility of Vaccination With Autologous<i>GM-CSF<\/i>\u2013Transduced Tumor Cells in Metastatic Melanoma Patients"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Rosalie M.","family":"Luiten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medical Oncology, Immunology, Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Surgical Oncology, and Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther W.M.","family":"Kueter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medical Oncology, Immunology, Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Surgical Oncology, and Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolter","family":"Mooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medical Oncology, Immunology, Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Surgical Oncology, and Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maarten P.W.","family":"Gallee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medical Oncology, Immunology, Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Surgical Oncology, and Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine M.","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medical Oncology, Immunology, Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Surgical Oncology, and Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winald R.","family":"Gerritsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medical Oncology, Immunology, Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Surgical Oncology, and Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley M.","family":"Clift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medical Oncology, Immunology, Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Surgical Oncology, and Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Cell Genesys, Foster City, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willem J.","family":"Nooijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medical Oncology, Immunology, Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Surgical Oncology, and Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 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