{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:27:58Z","timestamp":1792801678133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether tamoxifen or anastrozole prevents gynecomastia and breast pain caused by bicalutamide (150 mg) without compromising efficacy, safety, or sexual functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in patients with localized, locally advanced, or biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Patients (N = 114) were randomly assigned to either bicalutamide (150 mg\/d) plus placebo or in combination with tamoxifen (20 mg\/d) or anastrozole (1 mg\/d) for 48 weeks. Gynecomastia, breast pain, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), sexual functioning, and serum levels of hormones were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gynecomastia developed in 73% of patients in the bicalutamide group, 10% of patients in the bicalutamide-tamoxifen group, and 51% of patients in the bicalutamide-anastrozole group (P &lt; .001); breast pain developed in 39%, 6%, and 27% of patients, respectively (P = .006). Baseline PSA level decreased by \u2265 50% in 97%, 97%, and 83% of patients in the bicalutamide, bicalutamide-tamoxifen, and bicalutamide-anastrozole groups, respectively (P = .07); and adverse events were reported in 37%, 35%, and 69% of patients, respectively (P = .004). There were no major differences among treatments in sexual functioning parameters from baseline to month 6. Elevated testosterone levels occurred in each group; however, free testosterone levels remained unchanged in the bicalutamide-tamoxifen group because of increased sex hormone\u2013binding globulin levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anastrozole did not significantly reduce the incidence of bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia and breast pain. In contrast, tamoxifen was effective, without increasing adverse events, at least in the short-term follow-up. These data support the need for a larger study to determine any effect on mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2005.12.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,29]],"date-time":"2005-01-29T02:12:26Z","timestamp":1106964746000},"page":"808-815","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Evaluation of Tamoxifen and Anastrozole in the Prevention of Gynecomastia and Breast Pain Induced by Bicalutamide Monotherapy of Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Boccardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Rubagotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Di Tonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.P.","family":"Selvaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Comeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bertaccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Martorana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Galassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Zattoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Macchiarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Siragusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Muscas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; University of Genoa, Genoa; University of Bari, Bari; S Anna Hospital, Como; University of Bologna, Bologna; S Maria Misericordia Hospital; University of Udine, Gemona del Friuli, Udine; City Hospital, Caltagirone; University of Cagliari, Cagliari; City Hospital, Fidenza; City Hospital, Siena; Santo Spirito Hospital, Casale Monferrato; City Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa; 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