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We computed relative survival ratios (RSRs) as measures of patient survival. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> One-year survival improved (P &lt; .001) over time in all age groups and RSRs were 0.73, 0.78, 0.80, and 0.82 for the four calendar periods; however, improvement in 5-year (P &lt; .001) and 10-year (P &lt; .001) RSR was restricted to patients younger than 70 years and younger than 60 years, respectively. For the first time, in analyses restricted to MM patients diagnosed at age younger than 60 years, we found a 29% (P &lt; .001) reduced 10-year mortality in the last calendar period (1994 to 2003) compared with the preceding calendar period (1987 to 1993). Females with MM had a 3% (P = .024) lower excess mortality than males. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> One-year MM survival has increased for all age groups during the last decades; 5-year and 10-year MM survival has increased in younger patients (younger than 60 to 70 years). High-dose melphalan with subsequent autologous stem-cell transplantation, thalidomide, and a continuous improvement in supportive care measures are probably the most important factors contributing to this finding. New effective agents with a more favorable toxicity profile are needed to improve survival further, particularly in the elderly. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2006.09.0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,10]],"date-time":"2007-04-10T01:06:51Z","timestamp":1176167211000},"page":"1993-1999","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":268,"title":["Patterns of Survival in Multiple Myeloma: A Population-Based Study of Patients Diagnosed in Sweden From 1973 to 2003"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sigurdur Yngvi","family":"Kristinsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska University Hospital and Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Landgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska University Hospital and Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Dickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska University Hospital and Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5sa Rangert","family":"Derolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska University Hospital and Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Bj\u00f6rkholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska University Hospital and Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"233","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV: Plasma cell disorders, in Goldman L, Ausiello DA (eds): Cecil Textbook of Medicine  (ed 22). 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