{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:26:52Z","timestamp":1784258812358,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p> To refine the anatomic classification and staging of ciliary body and choroidal melanomas in the TNM classification. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> Tumor largest basal diameter and thickness of 7,369 patients were analyzed based on registry data from five ocular oncology centers. T categories were derived empirically by dividing data into blocks representing 3- \u00d7 3-mm fractions. Blocks with similar survival were grouped together so that no T category comprised a large majority of tumors, and each was uniform in survival, using randomly drawn 60% building and 40% validation data sets. Presence of ciliary body involvement (CBI) and extraocular extension (EXE) was analyzed among 5,403 patients to define T subcategories. Stages were generated by iteratively combining subcategories with similar survival. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Of the 7,369 tumors analyzed, 24% were classified as T1, 33% as T2, 31% as T3, and 12% as T4. Ten-year Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for the T categories were 89%, 77%, 58%, and 39%, respectively (P &lt; .001). Survival of patients in four subcategories based on presence or absence of CBI and EXE differed significantly within each T category (P = .018 for T1; P &lt; .001 for T2 to T4). EXE exceeding 5 mm in largest diameter carried a worse prognosis than smaller extensions (P &lt; .001) and was assigned a separate subcategory. Ten-year Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for stages I, IIA to IIB, and IIIA to IIIC were 88%, 80%, 67%, 45%, 27%, 10%, respectively (P &lt; .001). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> This evidence-based anatomic classification provides a basis for staging ciliary body and choroidal melanomas in the seventh edition of the Cancer Staging Manual of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2012.45.2771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]],"date-time":"2013-07-02T01:39:09Z","timestamp":1372729149000},"page":"2825-2831","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Staging of Ciliary Body and Choroidal Melanomas Based on Anatomic Extent"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Kujala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Kujala and Tero Kivel\u00e4, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Bertil Damato and Sarah E. Coupland, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Laurence Desjardins, Institut Curie, Paris; Jean-Daniel Grange, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France; and Nikolaos E. Bechrakis, Charit\u00e9\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany, and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertil","family":"Damato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Kujala and Tero Kivel\u00e4, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Bertil Damato and Sarah E. Coupland, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Laurence Desjardins, Institut Curie, Paris; Jean-Daniel Grange, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France; and Nikolaos E. Bechrakis, Charit\u00e9\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany, and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Coupland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Kujala and Tero Kivel\u00e4, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Bertil Damato and Sarah E. Coupland, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Laurence Desjardins, Institut Curie, Paris; Jean-Daniel Grange, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France; and Nikolaos E. Bechrakis, Charit\u00e9\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany, and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Kujala and Tero Kivel\u00e4, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Bertil Damato and Sarah E. Coupland, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Laurence Desjardins, Institut Curie, Paris; Jean-Daniel Grange, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France; and Nikolaos E. Bechrakis, Charit\u00e9\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany, and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos E.","family":"Bechrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Kujala and Tero Kivel\u00e4, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Bertil Damato and Sarah E. Coupland, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Laurence Desjardins, Institut Curie, Paris; Jean-Daniel Grange, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France; and Nikolaos E. 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